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daddy-kool wrote: ↑10/07/2020 15:49

daddy-kool wrote: ↑10/07/2020 15:46 Interesantan članak na Nature:

Pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2: the knowns and unknowns

T cell reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 was observed in unexposed people; however, the source and clinical relevance of the reactivity remains unknown. It is speculated that this reflects T cell memory to circulating ‘common cold’ coronaviruses. It will be important to define specificities of these T cells and assess their association with COVID-19 disease severity and vaccine responses.

As data start to accumulate on the detection and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses in humans, a surprising finding has been reported: lymphocytes from 20–50% of unexposed donors display significant reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 antigen peptide pools1,2,3,4.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-020-0389-z

Pa je bila ona švedska studija:

Immunity to COVID-19 is probably higher than tests have shown

New research from Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital shows that many people with mild or asymptomatic COVID-19 demonstrate so-called T-cell-mediated immunity to the new coronavirus, even if they have not tested positively for antibodies. According to the researchers, this means that public immunity is probably higher than antibody tests suggest. The article is freely available on the bioRxiv server and has been submitted for publication in a scientific journal.
https://news.ki.se/immunity-to-covid-19 ... have-shown

Mislim da se pogrešno nagađa da to predstavlja imunitet u klasičnom smislu protiv virusa, jer svi dokazi (u objavljenim radovima ili klinička iskustva) ukazuju da svi koji nemaju antitijela se mogu zaraziti, a da svi zaraženi stvore antitijela (svi, i asimptomatski i simptomatski). Međutim, moja hipoteza bi bila da prisustvo ovakvih T ćelija bi moglo biti zaslužno sa blagu ili subkliničku sliku kod velike većine pacijenata, kao i varijabilitet asimptomatskih slučajeva neovisan o demografiji i zdravstvenom stanju. Ukratko ove T ćelije bi mogle biti odgovorne za velike broje asimptomatskih ili blagih slučajeva u većini populacije, ali nije imunitet u klasičnom smislu jer za to trebaju antitijela. Ovo bi moglo objasniti i mnogo lakšu sliku i kod djece.

SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls

Memory T cells induced by previous pathogens can shape the susceptibility to, and clinical severity of, subsequent infections1.

Surprisingly, we also frequently detected SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells in individuals with no history of SARS, COVID-19 or contact with SARS/COVID-19 patients (n=37). SARS-CoV-2 T cells in uninfected donors exhibited a different pattern of immunodominance, frequently targeting the ORF-1-coded proteins NSP7 and 13 as well as the NP structural protein. Epitope characterization of NSP7-specific T cells showed recognition of protein fragments with low homology to “common cold” human coronaviruses but conserved amongst animal betacoranaviruses. Thus, infection with betacoronaviruses induces multispecific and long-lasting T cell immunity to the structural protein NP.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2550-z

Modelling suggests blood group incompatibility may substantially reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission

Abstract
Several independent datasets suggest blood type A is over-represented and type O under-represented among COVID-19 patients. Here, I model a scenario in which ABO transfusion incompatibility reduces the chance of a patient transmitting the virus to an incompatible recipient. Comparison of model outputs to published data on COVID-19 prevalence indicates that if this scenario holds true, ABO incompatibility may reduce virus transmissibility by 60% or more.

Paradoxically, however, targeted vaccination of either high-susceptibility type A or "super-spreader" type O individuals is less effective than random vaccination at blocking community spread of the virus. Instead, the key is to maintain blood type diversity amongst the remaining susceptible individuals. I stress that these results illustrate a theoretical model of ABO blood group interaction with virus transmission and require confirmation by observation.

Introduction
Several recent published studies and preprints have suggested that the prevalence of COVID-19 disease varies by blood type, with type A being relatively susceptible and type O being less susceptible. Puzzlingly, however, there is no difference in the severity of disease, with the case fatality ratio (CFR) and the probability of progressing to intensive care appearing independent of blood type. This discrepancy between incidence and severity data has led some authors to challenge the aforementioned findings . Although not remarked on to date, in the majority of these studies type AB appears even more susceptible than type A. Thus, the relative risk of infection is AB > A > B > O, with type A and type B alleles functioning codominantly to increase risk. This is immediately reminiscent of the rules governing blood transfusion compatibility.

Here, I investigate the behaviour of “ABO-interference”: a model of epidemic spread in which the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, the causal 41agent of COVID-19) is dependent on the ABO blood type compatibility between an infected individual and the susceptible people they encounter. Mechanistically, this models a scenario in which infectious virions acquire the glycosylation pattern and hence the ABO antigen status of their current host. This in turn allows shed virions to be “rejected” by incompatible recipients, blocking the initial infective step. This immediately explains the lack of correlation with disease severity, since once an infection is established, virions produced within the new host are necessarily self-compatible and able to spread freely between cells.

Type O individuals are critical for epidemic progression when ρis low or zero

Figure 1 A-E illustrates the effect of complete ABO incompatibility on transmission dynamics in a typical Western European background with a population blood type distribution of 38% A / 14% B / 4% AB / 44% O, Rmax= 4 and ρ= 0. If the index case is type A, an epidemic occurs within the A population, and also propagates to AB (since A→AB is a permissible vector of transmission). If the index case is type B or AB, the epidemic never becomes established since there are too few compatible susceptible individuals to sustain transmission. If the index case is type O, epidemics occur within all four populations. In all cases the progress of the epidemic is profoundly suppressed relative to an epidemic with no ABO-interference, however the epidemic stemming from a type O index case is four times the size of that stemming from a type A index case.

Importantly, if ρ> 0 and there is any degree of spread between incompatible blood types, at least some proportion of the O population will become infected. Thereafter the epidemic will behave similarly to one seeded by type O index cases, as shown in Figure 1 F-I for ρ= 0.1%. If the index case is non-O (figure 1F/G/H), this delays the onset of the epidemic and the date of the peak relative to a type O index case (figure 1I), but affects neither the size of the peak nor how it progresses between and within different population compartments.

For ρ= 0.1%,the epidemic among B individuals is not sustainable from A→B cross-transmission alone but is dependent on the epidemic among O individuals. If these are removed from the susceptible population after 80 days (e.g. by vaccination), this immediately halts the spread among B individuals (Figure 1J). The epidemics in A and AB are also affected, but to a more modest degree since the epidemic is self-sustaining amongst A individuals and these can then transmit to AB.

The plausibility of this hypothesis has already been established by work on HIV, and was also previously proposed for the 2003 epidemic of SARS, for measles, and indeed for enveloped viruses in general. SARS-CoV-2 has an outer lipid membrane containing spike, membrane and envelope (S, M and E) proteins, all of which are exposed to immune recognition and any or all of which may be glycosylated. Structural studies show that S is heavily glycosylated, including fucosylated glycans that may potentially bear ABO determinants. The glycosylation status of the M and E proteins has not yet been characterised, nor the glycosylation status of the membrane lipids. Experimental work using pseudotyped virus suggests that transmission of the closely related SARS virus can be blocked by anti-A antibodies when virus particles are grown in an A-expressing cell line.

This study also showed via modelling that ABO-interference can reduce the progress of an epidemic dependent on the magnitude of the block to transmission and the local population structure. However, despite the mechanistic plausibility of this hypothesis and the preliminary data from the SARS epidemic, there has as yet been no detailed modelling exploring the implications of ABO-interference for the relative susceptibility of individuals with different blood types at different stages of the epidemic, or for vaccination strategies.
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101 ... 1.full.pdf

daddy-kool wrote: ↑16/07/2020 00:00 Modelling suggests blood group incompatibility may substantially reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission.........

dr.gog wrote: ↑15/07/2020 21:37 Uz to sam čuo da se na socijalnim mrežama sve češće pominje da je moderatorima Klixa , a prioritetno foruma @boby @Bloo @O'zone legla milja na ime podrške u vrijeme COVID 19 epidemije.

Kao novi vlasnik, odlučio sam da honorarno nagradim &možda uposlim nekoliko komentatora sa po 100E, po ugledu na potez Vođe Zemlje i Gazde Pokrajine iz susjedstva.

Odlučno odbacujem tvrdnje zlonamjernih tzv. portala da time želim utjecati na vaskoliku javnost,

K znanju sam primio i činjenicu da se Milomir Marić odmah po uzimanju jutarnje kardioterapije u toalet upućuje sa tabletom na kojem prvo otvara ovaj ugledni web sajt, tj. Forum.

Over half of coronavirus patients in Spain have developed neurological problems, studies show
New research indicates that Covid-19 is causing a wide range of disorders in the nervous system and may be directly attacking the brain

The results, published in the specialist journal Neurology a few weeks ago, show that 57% of these patients developed one or several neurological symptoms.

“The neurological spectrum is very wide,” says Tomás Segura, the head of neurology at the University Hospital of Albacete, which was one of the two medical centers to participate in the paper. According to Segura, who co-authored the study, the most common symptoms experienced by coronavirus patients were myalgia, headaches and dizziness. He points out that nearly 20% also presented disorders of consciousness, although these symptoms were concentrated among elderly patients. Another 20% of patients (they are not exclusive groups) developed neuropsychiatric problems such as insomnia, anxiety and psychosis. “Some of the symptoms, like myalgia, insomnia and headaches, had not been observed in previous studies,” adds Segura, who also teaches at the University of Castilla-La Mancha.

https://english.elpais.com/science_tech ... -show.html

Mogy87 wrote: ↑13/07/2020 07:21 Razgovarali smo s prof. dr. sc. Davorom Bonefačićem, diplomiranim inženjerom i redovitim profesorom FER-a u Zavodu za radiokomunikacije. Profesor Bonefačić isto tako je i tajnik Odjela komunikacijskih sustava Akademije tehničkih znanosti Hrvatske (HATZ).
https://zimo.dnevnik.hr/clanak/razbijan ... s0ByG2sKhc

Dozer wrote: ↑18/07/2020 23:55

Mogy87 wrote: ↑13/07/2020 07:21 Razgovarali smo s prof. dr. sc. Davorom Bonefačićem, diplomiranim inženjerom i redovitim profesorom FER-a u Zavodu za radiokomunikacije. Profesor Bonefačić isto tako je i tajnik Odjela komunikacijskih sustava Akademije tehničkih znanosti Hrvatske (HATZ).
https://zimo.dnevnik.hr/clanak/razbijan ... s0ByG2sKhc

Procitah. I nigdje ne vidjeh da je covjek rekao da je 5G bezopasna. Cak naprotiv...

S obzirom na to da za postojeće bežične komunikacijske tehnologije u ovom trenutku nema znanstveno potvrđenih dokaza o mogućoj štetnosti za ljudsko zdravlje ako se poštuju ograničenja o najvišim dopuštenim vrijednostima izloženosti za pojedinu frekvenciju i za ukupnu izloženost po svim frekvencijama, nema razloga za moratorij na uvođenje tehnologije 5G sve dok se poštuju odgovarajuće razine izloženosti.

Trafalgar Law wrote: ↑18/07/2020 10:04 Čudi me da je tek obljavljeno nakon više od 30 dana....

daddy-kool wrote: ↑19/07/2020 12:59

Trafalgar Law wrote: ↑18/07/2020 10:04 Čudi me da je tek obljavljeno nakon više od 30 dana....

Nisam upratio?
Uglavnom, možda su ranije izbacivali rezultate, ali ovdje su ih pratili 3 mjeseca pa je išao samo update?

breba wrote: ↑19/07/2020 00:53 Covjek je rekao da u ovom trenutku nema dokaza. Sta jos znavstvenik moze reci? Tesko je, prakticno nemoguce, u nauci dokazati da nesto "nije". Dokaz trebaju da dostave oni koji tvrde da jeste.

Je li postoji naucna studija da je svaka konzumacija vode bezopasna? Vjerovatno ne.
Ali postoje studije kakav kvalitet voda mora biti da bi bila bezbjedna za distribuciju u drustvu. Ti standardi postoje i za vodu koju pijes iz cesme, flase itd.
O necemu slicnom se ovjde radi. Postoje naucni standardi koji se moraju postovati da i ova tehnologija bude bezbjedna.
Dok se ne dokaze suprotno

un1ted wrote: ↑20/07/2020 12:05 Odlican video, pokazuje da ovaj maloumnik sada moze srati samo iz svog stana, jer vise nema mogucnost u saboru da prosipa svoje komplekse.