Luke Perry wrote:Ne znam. Cudno da je doslo do toga da zemlja toliko ovisi o IMF, ako je to razlog.
Since World War II, Yugoslavia — prized by both sides — has been molded by the forces of Cold War.
Early in the first Reagan administration, the U.S. escalated the Cold War with an aggressive, secret strategy to undercut the Soviet economy, destabilize the USSR, and ultimately bring about the collapse of Communism. (1) In1985, then-Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick dubbed this new strategy, which went well beyond containment, “the Reagan Doctrine.” (2)
At about the same time, according to recently declassified documents obtained by Covert Action, the U.S. adopted a similar strategy toward the countries of Eastern Europe, including Yugoslavia. In September 1982, when the region seemed stable and the Berlin Wall had seven years to stand, the U.S. drew up National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) 54, “United States Policy toward Eastern Europe.” Labeled SECRET and declassified with light censorship in 1990, (3) it called for greatly expanded efforts to promote a “quiet revolution” to overthrow Communist governments and parties. While naming all the countries of Eastern Europe, it omitted mention of Yugoslavia.
In March 1984, a separate document, NSDD 133, “United States Policy toward Yugoslavia,” was adopted and given the even more restricted classification: SECRET SENSITIVE. When finally declassified in 1990, NSDD 133 was still highly censored, with less than two-thirds of the original text remaining. (4) Nonetheless, taken together, the two documents reveal a consistent policy logic.
The “primary long-term U.S. goal in Eastern Europe” as described explicitly in NSDD 54 was “to [censored...] facilitate its eventual re-integration into the European community of nations.” (5)
Since the Eastern European states could not have been “reintegrated” into “the European community of nations” as long as they remained under Communist rule, the basic U.S. goal required removal of Communist governments. The implication of ending Soviet influence extends to the more cautiously worded remnants of NSDD 133. The goal of “U.S. Policy [toward Yugoslavia],” it states, “will be to promote the trend toward an effective, market-oriented Yugoslav economic structure...[and] to expand U.S. economic relations with Yugoslavia in ways which benefit both countries and which strengthen Yugoslavia’s ties with the industrialized democracies.” (6)
Thus, the basic U.S. objective for Yugoslavia was much the same as for Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the GDR, Hungary, Poland and Romania: a capitalist transformation. The list of policy instruments described in NSDD 54 to promote change in Eastern Europe may help fill in some gaps in the more highly censored Yugoslavia-specific NSDD 133. The mechanisms included most-favored-nation status, credit policy, IMF stewardship, debt rescheduling, cultural and educational exchanges, information programs, high-level visits, and restrictions on diplomatic and consular personnel. (7) Even in this document, some items were completely or partially deleted in the declassified version.
Today, the revelations in the two documents may seem banal. It should be remembered, however, that for many years, the government felt the need to keep secret even the more overt means of pressuring for change. Furthermore, significant parts of U.S. policy in the region, particularly in Yugoslavia, remain secret even today. Covert policies, which undoubtedly were implemented, are not usually discussed at any length in a National Security Decision Directive.