kekec wrote:De ba, kanite se HIV-a. Nidje veze. Kada je obrezivanje/sunecenje
pocelo da se radi, HIV-a nije bilo ni na vidiku.
Jednostavno, sunecenje, kao "higijenska" mjera je vrsena na prostoru
koje je siromasno vodom. Lakse je jednom osunetiti (kasnije je to postao i obred- obicaj)
i rijesiti problem odrzavanja higijene, jer cinjenica je da je obrezan penis cistiji, odnosno,
kod takvog nema mogucnosti sakupljanja smegme, koja se inace sakuplja ispod kozice
i koja moze izazvati infekciju ako se redovno ne odstranjuje pranjem.
Kekec...u SAD-u i Kanadi...vode kol'ko hoces. Ipak...sunnete se i oni.
Does circumcision reduce the risk of penile human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in a man and cervical cancer in his female partner?
Seven case-control studies.
In Canada, it is estimated that 48% of men have been circumcised,2 but it is difficult to get accurate statistics because almost no health insurance plans in Canada pay for circumcision any longer. In the United States, 61% pay;1 in Australia, 70% pay;2 and in the United Kingdom, 24% pay.2 While circumcision is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the United States,1 it is uncommon in northern European countries, Central and South America, and Asia.
Human papillomavirus is not currently under systematic surveillance in Canada, so its prevalence is unknown.5 In the United States, an estimated 5.5 million people become infected with HPV each year, and an estimated 20 million are currently infected.6 Is there new evidence that will help guide Canadian family physicians and parents in decisions about neonatal circumcision?
Overview of study and outcomes
Seven case-control studies, five involving invasive cervical cancer and two involving cervical carcinoma in situ, looked at data on 3790 women to evaluate a connection between circumcision and HPV in men and cervical cancer in their female partners. The studies were conducted in Spain, Colombia, Brazil, Thailand, and the Philippines. Researchers recruited 1896 women with cervical cancer and 1894 controls either from the general population or from the same hospitals as the women with cervical cancer. The men were the husbands or stable partners of these women. Of the 984 partners of study women and 937 partners of controls who were interviewed, 82.0% and 76.5%, respectively, provided cytologic specimens.
Diagnosis of HPV in men was determined by polymerase chain reaction assay from swabs of the distal urethra and external surface of the glans and coronal ring. Diagnosis of cervical cancer in women was determined from cervical swabs. Variables in men and women included age at first intercourse, level of education, lifetime number of sexual partners, condom use, and (for men) self-reported frequency of genital washing after intercourse, sexual intercourse with prostitutes, and physician’s assessment of men’s genital hygiene.
Results
Overall prevalence of circumcision was 19.3%; circumcised men had higher levels of education and reported less frequent genital washing compared with uncircumcised men (40.5% vs 23.0%).
In all groups, circumcised men had lower prevalence of HPV (5.5% vs 19.6%). With circumcision, the odds ratio (OR) for penile HPV was 0.37 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.16 to 0.85) after adjusting for age, level of education, age at first intercourse, lifetime number of sexual partners, and frequency of genital washing after sex. This result persisted whether or not female partners had cervical HPV or cancer. Apart from being uncircumcised, the only other significant risk factor for penile HPV was the number of men’s sexual partners.
Female partners of circumcised men had a moderate but nonsignificant decrease in risk of cervical cancer (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.49 to 1.04). This inverse association was not changed by any of the women’s variables. Monogamous female partners of circumcised men at high risk of HPV (intercourse before age 17, six or more sexual partners, and history of contact with prostitutes) had a significant reduction in risk of cervical cancer (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.89). If both male and female partners were at low risk of infection, the women’s risk of cervical cancer was similar whether their partners were circumcised or uncircumcised (OR 1.61, 95% CI 0.86 to 3.02)
'Nako...dobije izgled otmenog... 
karcinoma na mozgu 
