Sirija

[tesanj]

Istočni Rim je osvojen genije..još davno ako nisi znao

ne pika on to nego čeka da ga oslobodi bašar che aSSad

mensecini tam nije seriat cekaju se pravedni

[barpy]

+ podržava ga i Царь Владимир ...

i 99 % Cp6a, a znamo da su oni slobodarski narod..

[husein_kapetan]

Zelim da fino kazes koje oruzje koristi DU bojeve glave i koje ce biti koristeno u Siriji. Takodjer, koji su sistemi sa DU bojevim glavama koristeni u Srbiji, Afganistanu i Libiji (u Iraku jest bilo upotrebe, u prvih nekoliko dana)

Hvala.

Nemam ja nikakvu namjeru ulaziti u bermurdski trougao sterilnih diskusija motiviranih vlastitim frustracijama iliti ideologijama. Svakomu danas je dostupna informacija u svim formama. Moja digresija evidentira dobro znani problem pred kojim mnogi morbidno zatvaraju oči.
I ne uvjeravao ja tebe ni u šta .... ovo moje nije supozicija već fakat koji i mi danas osjećamo na svojoj koži..Ergo svakom svoja slobodna arbitraža..

Pa ako je svakom dostupna informacija, zasto onda valjas gluposti i/ili lazes?

Slušaj liku... nisi ni približno blizu mom intelektu. Svijet nije napravljen po tvojoj mjeri .. pomiri se s tim..
Ergo... http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/News/Ester ... 54823.html
Ovdje malo prelistaj ..( italijanima je mnogo stalo do ovoga iz razloga što imaju veliki broj vojnika oboljelih ili umrlih od efekata siromašnog uranijuma dok su službovali po balkanu .. ima zamisli i parlamentarni interogatorij po meritumu ) možda ti padne na pamet da malo pretražiš po internetu na ovu temu i malo se informativno nadgradiš.
"Beati i ultimi che saranno i primi"

[Avetinho]

ista poruka, od covjeka do covjeka, s kraja na kraj svijeta https://www.facebook.com/BrianKolfage

Ovo ti ovdje copy paste vec stranicama je, bolan, BLOG, zar ne vidis. Imas ti sta svoje reci ili samo ko nekoc advancetovi kurircici, kopiraj dak ne zadusis sve.

Eto zovi Senat i salji im slike. Ovdje na klixu niko nista ne moze uraditi.

[Alfons Kauders]

Nemam ja nikakvu namjeru ulaziti u bermurdski trougao sterilnih diskusija motiviranih vlastitim frustracijama iliti ideologijama. Svakomu danas je dostupna informacija u svim formama. Moja digresija evidentira dobro znani problem pred kojim mnogi morbidno zatvaraju oči.
I ne uvjeravao ja tebe ni u šta .... ovo moje nije supozicija već fakat koji i mi danas osjećamo na svojoj koži..Ergo svakom svoja slobodna arbitraža..

Pa ako je svakom dostupna informacija, zasto onda valjas gluposti i/ili lazes?

Slušaj liku... nisi ni približno blizu mom intelektu. Svijet nije napravljen po tvojoj mjeri .. pomiri se s tim..
Ergo... http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/News/Ester ... 54823.html
Ovdje malo prelistaj ..( italijanima je mnogo stalo do ovoga iz razloga što imaju veliki broj vojnika oboljelih ili umrlih od efekata siromašnog uranijuma dok su službovali po balkanu .. ima zamisli i parlamentarni interogatorij po meritumu ) možda ti padne na pamet da malo pretražiš po internetu na ovu temu i malo se informativno nadgradiš.
"Beati i ultimi che saranno i primi"

Fino te pitam, ako vec ima toliko informacija, a ima, zasto onda prodajes muda pod bubrege. Ti si rekao da Tomahawk koristi DU penetrator od 300kg, ne ja.

Dakle nesto ne stima intelektualac fino te pitam, opet, koje oruzje sa DU ce se koristiti u Siriji. Hajmo, da vidimo taj intelekt i cinjenice na djelu. Koje?

A za efekte DU na zdravlje me cisto zaboli ona stvar - jer su potpuno nebitni ukoliko se DU nece koristiti, intelektualac.

[Co0l]

Možda ću malo izaći van uobičajenih okvira i mog stila pisanja ali...
Imajući u vidu toliko aklamiranu američku borbenu intervenciju u siriji koja prije svega ima "humanitarni karakter" neumitno se... sukladno već kolaudiranoj doktrini ovih ratova.. postavlja jedno pitanje..
- uz nepobitnu činjenicu da je nobelu (za mir) prije svega važan sirijski narod i njihova budućnost - koliko će odokativno puniti siromašnog uranijuma po jednom tomahawk projektilu?
Neki govore da ih inače pune sa oko 300kg ovog dragocjenog materijala , sada na poklon sirijskom narodu, koji će "dugoročno beneficirati ovim poklonom" kao mnogi do sada i koji im njihovi "prijatelji" brižljivo spremaju.

Sta 300, 30000kg

Zasto bi iko koristio DU bojeve glave na Tomahawku ziv ti meni i zdrav bio?

Steta,mogli su od Sirije napravit nuklearnu velesilu

[Alfons Kauders]

Možda ću malo izaći van uobičajenih okvira i mog stila pisanja ali...
Imajući u vidu toliko aklamiranu američku borbenu intervenciju u siriji koja prije svega ima "humanitarni karakter" neumitno se... sukladno već kolaudiranoj doktrini ovih ratova.. postavlja jedno pitanje..
- uz nepobitnu činjenicu da je nobelu (za mir) prije svega važan sirijski narod i njihova budućnost - koliko će odokativno puniti siromašnog uranijuma po jednom tomahawk projektilu?
Neki govore da ih inače pune sa oko 300kg ovog dragocjenog materijala , sada na poklon sirijskom narodu, koji će "dugoročno beneficirati ovim poklonom" kao mnogi do sada i koji im njihovi "prijatelji" brižljivo spremaju.

Sta 300, 30000kg

Zasto bi iko koristio DU bojeve glave na Tomahawku ziv ti meni i zdrav bio?

Steta,mogli su od Sirije napravit nuklearnu velesilu

fakat, cek samo da nam ovaj intelektualac s debke objasni svrhu DU penentratora od 300kg na projektilu koji pogadja met brzinom od 475 cvorova nisam bio plaho dobar s fizikom, mozda mi otvori oci

[Bodkin]

Možda ću malo izaći van uobičajenih okvira i mog stila pisanja ali...
Imajući u vidu toliko aklamiranu američku borbenu intervenciju u siriji koja prije svega ima "humanitarni karakter" neumitno se... sukladno već kolaudiranoj doktrini ovih ratova.. postavlja jedno pitanje..
- uz nepobitnu činjenicu da je nobelu (za mir) prije svega važan sirijski narod i njihova budućnost - koliko će odokativno puniti siromašnog uranijuma po jednom tomahawk projektilu?
Neki govore da ih inače pune sa oko 300kg ovog dragocjenog materijala , sada na poklon sirijskom narodu, koji će "dugoročno beneficirati ovim poklonom" kao mnogi do sada i koji im njihovi "prijatelji" brižljivo spremaju.

Sta 300, 30000kg

Zasto bi iko koristio DU bojeve glave na Tomahawku ziv ti meni i zdrav bio?

300 kg od 1300 kg koliko on tezi 300 da ide na uranij? i od kad ide uranij u tomahavk? koliko znam osiromaseni uranij se koristi protiv tenkova. tako je i zavrsio kod nas i u srbiji

[Alfons Kauders]

Možda ću malo izaći van uobičajenih okvira i mog stila pisanja ali...
Imajući u vidu toliko aklamiranu američku borbenu intervenciju u siriji koja prije svega ima "humanitarni karakter" neumitno se... sukladno već kolaudiranoj doktrini ovih ratova.. postavlja jedno pitanje..
- uz nepobitnu činjenicu da je nobelu (za mir) prije svega važan sirijski narod i njihova budućnost - koliko će odokativno puniti siromašnog uranijuma po jednom tomahawk projektilu?
Neki govore da ih inače pune sa oko 300kg ovog dragocjenog materijala , sada na poklon sirijskom narodu, koji će "dugoročno beneficirati ovim poklonom" kao mnogi do sada i koji im njihovi "prijatelji" brižljivo spremaju.

Sta 300, 30000kg

Zasto bi iko koristio DU bojeve glave na Tomahawku ziv ti meni i zdrav bio?

300 kg

300,000,000kg... Po projektilu.

Ovo isto srpski mediji, koji i danas pisu o bombama sa DU... Koje ne postoje... Ili kazu da je na RS baceno 10,000 tona bombi (1026 komada)

[Co0l]

Pa jbt,kolko bi kostao jedan tomahavk da nosi 300 kg osiromasenog uranijuma
Doduse,ocito je da nismo na tom intelektualnom nivou da skontamo...

[Kikibombona]

Jos jednom se pokazalo da medjunarodna zajednica nema nikakve mehanizme da zaustavi ratovanje i
stiti stanovnistvo. Samo jos fali da posalju mirovne snage u plavim kacigama da sa strane gledaju pokolj
i salju izvjestaje.

Medjunarodnoj zajednici to nikada nije bio cilj. Naprotiv, cilj je unistiti sve sto nije po mjeri aktuelnih vladara svijeta.

[Bodkin]

Pa jbt,kolko bi kostao jedan tomahavk da nosi 300 kg osiromasenog uranijuma
Doduse,ocito je da nismo na tom intelektualnom nivou da skontamo...

izguglao jer mi je to palo na pamet. surprisingly ne tako puno. 150$ po kili za nerafinirani u3o8

[husein_kapetan]

Fino te pitam, ako vec ima toliko informacija, a ima, zasto onda prodajes muda pod bubrege. Ti si rekao da Tomahawk koristi DU penetrator od 300kg, ne ja.

Dakle nesto ne stima intelektualac fino te pitam, opet, koje oruzje sa DU ce se koristiti u Siriji. Hajmo, da vidimo taj intelekt i cinjenice na djelu. Koje?

A za efekte DU na zdravlje me cisto zaboli ona stvar - jer su potpuno nebitni ukoliko se DU nece koristiti, intelektualac.

Ovdje treba malo poslagati stvari.
-Intelekt se ne preslikava u tituli (intelektualac)- i kontekstualno je aberantan..
-Moj metod pisanja se uvijek bazira na činjenicama koje su evidentno lahko dostupne za bilo koga i nikada nisu ideološki obojene- time i link gore postan samo treba pročitati ...
Ne "govorim ja" već univerzum geostrateških studija eminentnih analitičara po meritumu.. bilo bi previše i pretenciozno afermirati da ja nešto "znam ili tvrdim" Pstoje hiljade naučnih studija koje tretiraju materiju i njene efekte to što to vama iz nekih razloga nije dostupno nije moj problem i ne želim o tome diskutovati.
Za potvrdu gore napisanog konsultirati npr:http://www.comedonchisciotte.org/site/m ... e&sid=8091 -ili sl.
Onda će mo razgovarati....

[Alfons Kauders]

Pa jbt,kolko bi kostao jedan tomahavk da nosi 300 kg osiromasenog uranijuma
Doduse,ocito je da nismo na tom intelektualnom nivou da skontamo...

izguglao jer mi je to palo na pamet. surprisingly ne tako puno. 150$ po kili za nerafinirani u3o8

Fakat jeftino. Kontam pravit tendu na vikendici, mogo bi to pogledat.... Ja sam konto da je minimum milja po kili

[Bodkin]

Pa jbt,kolko bi kostao jedan tomahavk da nosi 300 kg osiromasenog uranijuma
Doduse,ocito je da nismo na tom intelektualnom nivou da skontamo...

izguglao jer mi je to palo na pamet. surprisingly ne tako puno. 150$ po kili za nerafinirani u3o8

Fakat jeftino. Kontam pravit tendu na vikendici, mogo bi to pogledat.... Ja sam konto da je minimum milja po kili

ak imas pecat. radio ja projekat za IAEA, zavrsicemo nesto a mozda je i preradjeni skuplji. nemam pojma

[Alfons Kauders]

Fino te pitam, ako vec ima toliko informacija, a ima, zasto onda prodajes muda pod bubrege. Ti si rekao da Tomahawk koristi DU penetrator od 300kg, ne ja.

Dakle nesto ne stima intelektualac fino te pitam, opet, koje oruzje sa DU ce se koristiti u Siriji. Hajmo, da vidimo taj intelekt i cinjenice na djelu. Koje?

A za efekte DU na zdravlje me cisto zaboli ona stvar - jer su potpuno nebitni ukoliko se DU nece koristiti, intelektualac.

Ovdje treba malo poslagati stvari.
-Intelekt se ne preslikava u tituli (intelektualac)- i kontekstualno je aberantan..
-Moj metod pisanja se uvijek bazira na činjenicama koje su evidentno lahko dostupne za bilo koga i nikada nisu ideološki obojene- time i link gore postan samo treba pročitati ...
Ne "govorim ja" već univerzum geostrateških studija eminentnih analitičara po meritumu.. bilo bi previše i pretenciozno afermirati da ja nešto "znam ili tvrdim" Pstoje hiljade naučnih studija koje tretiraju materiju i njene efekte to što to vama iz nekih razloga nije dostupno nije moj problem i ne želim o tome diskutovati.
Za potvrdu gore napisanog konsultirati npr:http://www.comedonchisciotte.org/site/m ... e&sid=8091 -ili sl.
Onda će mo razgovarati....

Ce-mo intelekt.... Ok

Dakle, ponavljam, efekti DU na zdravlje nisu tema - jer se nece koristiti DU u mogucoj intervenciji. Ili opet ne kontas?

[Bodkin]

Fino te pitam, ako vec ima toliko informacija, a ima, zasto onda prodajes muda pod bubrege. Ti si rekao da Tomahawk koristi DU penetrator od 300kg, ne ja.

Dakle nesto ne stima intelektualac fino te pitam, opet, koje oruzje sa DU ce se koristiti u Siriji. Hajmo, da vidimo taj intelekt i cinjenice na djelu. Koje?

A za efekte DU na zdravlje me cisto zaboli ona stvar - jer su potpuno nebitni ukoliko se DU nece koristiti, intelektualac.

Ovdje treba malo poslagati stvari.
-Intelekt se ne preslikava u tituli (intelektualac)- i kontekstualno je aberantan..
-Moj metod pisanja se uvijek bazira na činjenicama koje su evidentno lahko dostupne za bilo koga i nikada nisu ideološki obojene- time i link gore postan samo treba pročitati ...
Ne "govorim ja" već univerzum geostrateških studija eminentnih analitičara po meritumu.. bilo bi previše i pretenciozno afermirati da ja nešto "znam ili tvrdim" Pstoje hiljade naučnih studija koje tretiraju materiju i njene efekte to što to vama iz nekih razloga nije dostupno nije moj problem i ne želim o tome diskutovati.
Za potvrdu gore napisanog konsultirati npr:http://www.comedonchisciotte.org/site/m ... e&sid=8091 -ili sl.
Onda će mo razgovarati....

[husein_kapetan]

Zbog koherentnosti prevod prvog linka (sa italijanskog na engleski)
Syria: Accame, rain down at least 84 tons of depleted uranium
last update: 01 September, 18:12 hrs

comments comments 0 votes rate 2 sends print
Facebook Viadeo OkNotizie Stumble Wikio Friendfeed
Rome, September 1 (Adnkronos) - "In the event of a U.S. attack on Syria will rain at least 84 tons of depleted uranium." The complaint Accame Falco, president dell'Anavafaf (National Association of Victims Support enrolled in the armed forces and families of the fallen) and former Chairman of the Defence Committee of the Chamber. "Each of the 280 Tomahawk missiles, which should be used, - explains Accame-in fact contains 300 kg of depleted uranium in the empennage. Priceless damage to the population in the coming decades. What do you expect to ban these weapons?".

[Co0l]

Pa jbt,kolko bi kostao jedan tomahavk da nosi 300 kg osiromasenog uranijuma
Doduse,ocito je da nismo na tom intelektualnom nivou da skontamo...

izguglao jer mi je to palo na pamet. surprisingly ne tako puno. 150$ po kili za nerafinirani u3o8

Barem smo onda eliminisali cijenu kao faktor za sirijske nuklearne ambicije

[Alfons Kauders]

izguglao jer mi je to palo na pamet. surprisingly ne tako puno. 150$ po kili za nerafinirani u3o8

Fakat jeftino. Kontam pravit tendu na vikendici, mogo bi to pogledat.... Ja sam konto da je minimum milja po kili

ak imas pecat. radio ja projekat za IAEA, zavrsicemo nesto a mozda je i preradjeni skuplji. nemam pojma

Hajmo se utalit da napravimo prvi sach od osiromasenog uranija ... A za pecat nije problem, pisi na zadrugu

[husein_kapetan]

CRUISE MISSILES ON LIBYA DEPLETED URANIUM STUDY ON THE CONSEQUENCES
Posted on Monday, March 21 @ 16:10:00 CET by david

Africa MAXIMUM ZUCCHETTI facebook.com Summary The cruise launched on Libya containing depleted uranium. Were calculated the consequences of radioactive pollution. Up to six thousand deaths





Introduction

The issues that concern the Depleted Uranium and its toxicity have sometimes, in recent years, departed from the field of science. The writer [1] is concerned with radiation protection for twenty years and depleted uranium since 1999. After an experience of publishing scientific papers in journals, conference proceedings and international conferences in Italy, on depleted uranium, this article attempts to provide an estimate of the possible impact on the environment and human health of the use of depleted uranium in the war of Libya ( 2011). News about its use have appeared in the media since the beginning of the conflict. [2]

To its particular physical characteristics, in particular the density which makes it extremely penetrating, but also the low cost (the DU to the production costs about $ 2 per kg) and the inconvenience to treat as radioactive waste, DU has found excellent mode use in the military.



If properly treated, the U-Ti alloy is a very effective material for the construction of kinetic energy penetrators, thick metal bars that can pierce armor when they are fired against it at high speed.

The penetration process pulverizes the most exploding into incandescent fragments of Uranium (violent combustion at nearly 5000 ° C) when it hits the air on the other side of the perforated armor, increasing the destructive effect. Such a property is called "pyrophoricity", for example, the characteristic of the sulfur of matches. So, in addition to the high density, also makes the DU pyrophoricity a material of great interest for these applications, in particular as an incendiary weapon (API: Armour Piercing Incendiary ie penetrator of armor arsonist).

Finally, in phase of impact on the target, the relative hardness of the DU (alloy with titanium) provides the projectile self-sharpening capacity: in other words, the bullet is not "flattens" against the armor that must break through, forming a "head flat "- how does such a projectile of Pb - but keeps its shape tapering to the complete fragmentation, thus not losing the penetrating properties.

In battle, the DU has certainly been used in the Gulf War of 1991, during the bombings NATO / UN over the Serbian Republic of Bosnia in September 1995 on Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999, in this century, during the attack on Afghanistan and then further in Iraq in 2003.

The use of devices to the DU in the wars in Somalia and Bosnia-central and central-eastern Europe (especially large areas around Sarajevo) in the 90s, in Palestine and shooting ranges within the competence of NATO military forces, is still incompletely documented [3].

Among the weapons that use DU, we can also mention the Tomahawk cruise missile whose use during the Balkan war of spring 1999, although not admitted by NATO has been confirmed by archeological discoveries and sources of the European Union [4].

On the other hand, the officers in the Decalogue, given to all men in uniform shipped in Kosovo, there were recommendations to follow to the letter, about the presence of depleted uranium on the territory and particularly in the Tomahawk Cruise Missiles. The introduction reads:

"The vehicles and materials of the Serbian army in Kosovo may pose a threat to the health of soldiers and civilians who were to come into contact. The vehicles and equipment found destroyed, damaged or abandoned must be inspected and handled only by qualified personnel. The dangers may arise from depleted uranium as a result of the damage caused by the NATO bombing campaign in relation to means directly or indirectly affected. In addition, the collimators containing tritium and the instruments and indicators can be treated with radioactive paint, dangerous for those who would have access to the means to inspect them. " Here are tips on how to avoid exposure to depleted uranium. Text: "Avoid any medium or material that you suspect being hit by munitions containing depleted uranium or Tomahawk cruise missiles. Do not harvest or collect with DU munitions found on the ground. Notify your command about the area you feel contaminated. Wherever you are demarcated the area contaminated with any material found on site. If you are in an area contaminated worn as a minimum the mask and protective gloves. Provide a good personal hygiene. Frequently wash the body and clothes. "

The assessments on the amount of DU used in cruise missiles differ.

In particular, they vary in the different sources, including values ​​around 3 kg, instead to go up to about 400 pounds. In a footnote, there is a compilation of different sources available on this aspect, very important for the estimation of the environmental impact. [5]

The predictable denials on the presence of uranium in these missiles collide with the publications above, and also on sources of military origin [6]

This large variability in the data can be easily explained. Some Cruise tested are weighed down with depleted uranium, others do not. Even those others, however, have not depleted uranium in the head of the missile, but in the wings, stabilizers during flight.

Then we can define two cases

WORST CASE: Cruise uranium in the head. Assume 400 pounds of DU.

BEST CASE: Cruise NOT Uranium in the head. Assume 3 pounds of DU in the wings.

Calculation of environmental impact and health

In the vast literature devoted to the problem of depleted uranium by the author [7] had already been dealt a calculation of radioactive contamination from uranium due to cruise missiles, particularly those launched on Bosnia in 1995. The study and 'also available on the internet, as well as in the scientific journal Biological and Medical Tribune. [8], [9].

Taking the models used in the cited article, you can deduce what is the situation of theater, places of inhalation, with only a calculation in an effort to ascertain whether, at least in a realistic case, the order of magnitude of the doses in the game does not allow of neglecting the problem.

Consider the impact of a Tomahawk cruise missile that brings 3 kg (best case), or 400 kg (worst case) of DU.

The impact produces a cloud of debris of various sizes, after violent combustion at about 5000 ° C. The dust is, as mentioned, consists of particles of size in the range [0.5 - 5] micron. Between 500 and 1000 meters from the impact can breathe clouds with a density sufficient to cause relevant doses, composed of particles that have a mass of from about 0.6 to about 5 nanograms (6-50x10-10 g). E 'was performed by estimation by the code of dose calculation GENIE [10], neglecting the effects of the fire and considering only inhalation exposure for an hour due to the simple release of the material, not considering some factors that could cause further increase the exposure. In an hour you can inhale radioactive dust from the cloud in significant quantities already.

Account should be taken that the motions of the body fluid atmospheric (wind speed and direction, vertical temperature gradient, etc..) Can result in relatively small solid angles, the pollutant concentrations up to several orders of magnitude higher than those that would occur with a calculation of uniform dispersion, which makes no sense in this scenario. Critical group, in this case, it is precisely those people "invested" by the cloud of dust.

A missile hits the target can catch fire and disperse powders oxidized in the environment, according to the estimate of the probability of it being in this work.

About 70% of DU, contained in the missiles that are supposed to always go to sign, being "smart", it burns. Of this, about half are soluble oxides.

The size distribution of the constituent particles of DU oxide dust belongs entirely to the poor breathable, and ultrafine particles are also created. In particular, the diameter of the particles is in this case more than the fine powder of uranium of industrial origin, common within the nuclear industry. It speaks of the great majority of the powders contained in the range [1-10] micron, with a substantial part with a diameter less than one micron.

As for the fate of DU dust in the human body, the main route of intake is - as noted - inhalation. As mentioned, part of the powders are soluble and partly insoluble in body fluids.

Given the characteristics of DU oxides of military origin, it should be noted as they have different behavior with respect to industrial dust of uranium. It can however still assume, according to ICRP [11] that about 60% dell'inalato is deposited in the respiratory system, the rest is riesalato.

One can assume that about 25% of the particles of diameter around 1 micron are voted for a long period in the lungs, while the rest is deposited in the upper stretches airplane, passes in the digestive system and from here is eliminated for the most part through the respiratory tract, while small parts go to accumulate in bones.

25% of micro-particles voted in the lungs, about half behaves as a material class M according to ICRP, which is slowly soluble in body fluids, while the rest is insoluble.

This type of behavior and exposure has not been studied in any previous situation of exposure to alpha emitters in the lungs, found in civil. The mode of exposure is therefore very different from those on the basis of which we have obtained the equivalences-dose radiation damage.

It is therefore not entirely correct - even though it is a point of reference - to extrapolate risk assessments for exposure to this type of micro-radioactive dust from the data obtained for uranium miners, nor of course the high-irradiated Hiroshima and Nagasaki. ICRP radiation protection standards are based on these experiences, and therefore may lead to underestimation of the risk in this case.

Turning then to other type of toxicity compared to that radiological, is then plausible that:

- Having regard to the component of fine and ultrafine powders of DU for military origin,

- Having regard to the chemical toxicity of uranium,

environmental contamination by DU oxides of military origin has both chemical and radiological toxicity: it must be evaluated the synergistic effect of these two components.

In other words, radioactivity and chemical toxicity of DU could act together creating a "cocktail" which further increases the risk.

It then puts emphasis on the fact that the arid climate of Libya favors the dispersion of the particles in the air with depleted uranium, which can be inhaled by civilians for years. The main mechanism of exposure to medium-long term concerns the resuspension of dust and the subsequent inhalation.

The methodology and assumptions for this model have already been published in other works of the author [12] to which we refer. Are highlighted here only the final touches and changes with respect to the model applied and already published, and in particular:

- The calculation of dose commitment is 70 years and not more than 50 years, as recommended by ICRP.

- We are now used to approximate data on population distribution around the points of impact, which also take into account the use of the main DU bullets in populated areas.

The model results can be summarized as follows:

- CEDE (collective dose): 370 MSVP in 70 y, for 1 kg of DU oxidized and released into the environment.

- CEDE annual maximum in the first year (76 MSVP), which follows the second year (47 MSVP) and the third (33 MSVP).

- The whole route of exposure is inhalation of dust. The target organ is the lung (97.5% contribution to CEDE).

- Among the nuclides responsible, 83% of the CEDE is U238, U234 and 14% from

With regard to the total amount of oxidized DU released into the environment, it's off to this assessment from the data reported by the international press: the first day of the war, about 112 cruise missiles impacted on Libyan soil. [13] How many missiles will be fired before the end of the war? Is unknown, we will do an intake of about 1,000 missiles fired, and in any case, the values ​​to be estimated will be variable with a simple proportion.

If all the missiles were "devoid" of DU, it would still have a quantity of:

1000 * 3 = 3000 kilos = 3 tons of DU (best case)

If all the missiles were tested with DU would have an amount up to

400,000 pounds = 400 tons of DU.

Compare this figure with the 10-15 tons of DU fired in Kosovo in 1999 to assess their seriousness.

Assume that about 70% of uranium burn and be released into the environment, thus arriving at an estimate of the amount of DU dispersed oxides of about 2.1 tons (best case) and 280 tonnes (worst case).

This therefore allows us to estimate a CEDE (collective dose) for the entire population was:

Best case: 370 MSVP / kg * 2100 kg = approximately 780 SVP.

Worst case: 370 MSVP / kg * 280,000 kg = 104000 Svp about

We reiterate that it is not entirely correct - although constitutes a reference point - extrapolate risk assessments for exposure to this type of micro-radioactive dusts from the standards of radiation protection ICRP, which are those adopted by the code GEN II.

However, if we apply here the coefficient of 6% Sv-1 for the risk of cancer, we get about

Best case: about 50 cases of cancer in addition, expected in 70 years.

Worst case: about 6200 cases of cancer in addition, expected in 70 years.

Conclusions

The risks from exposure to depleted uranium of the population of Libya following the use of this material in the war of 2011 were evaluated with an approach as broad as possible, trying to take into account the results of some recent studies in the field.

This type of exposure has not been studied in any previous situation of exposure to alpha emitters in the lungs, found in civil field.

However, the assessment made of the doses and the consequent risks to both situations (Cruise "without uranium" or "uranium") allows to draw some conclusions.

In the first case (best case), the number of tumors expected and 'very small d absolutely not significant from a statistical standpoint. This statistical difficulty - as it is just obvious to point out - has nothing to do with an acquittal of this practice, its acceptance, or less than ever with an assertion of a minor or even harmless.

In the second case (worst case), however, we are faced with a number of tumor arising equal to a few thousands. These could easily be detected in epidemiological and arouse undoubtedly strong concern.

It is therefore necessary that the armies are bombing Libya clarify with evidence, not assertions of convenience, the presence or not, and in what quantities, of uranium in their missiles.

In the past, there have been disproved "official" of the presence of uranium in cruise missiles, [14] but they coming from the military, the author allows himself to consider, as a minimum, with some caution.

Based on the available data, the estimates of the cancer cases in the coming years in Libya as a result of this practice are absolutely totally unjustified concern. The discussion concerning the incidence of each of teratogens used in a war (Chemical, radioactive, etc..) It seems - at some level - and even insignificant, will be allowed as a final thought, disrespectful of a fact: the dead in Libya as a result of this attack supersede and will far exceed any amount that can be defined as "a fair price to pay."

It 'important to finally collect data and research - and there are many - in the field of the effects of "new wars" of man and the environment, you must show how modern weapons, not surgical, produce unacceptable damage; studied what must have caused , to men and environment that have been subjected to the "humanitarian" wars since 1991.

Massimo Zucchetti
Source: http://www.facebook.com
Link:


[1] Professor of the first band in "Nuclear Plants" at the Polytechnic of Turin, holds the courses of "Safety and Risk Analysis" and "Radiation Protection".

[2] http://contropiano.dyndns.org/en/archiv ... ulla-libia

[3] VS Zajic, 1999. Review of radioactivity, military use and health effects of DU: http://members.tripod.com/vzajic ; Liolos Th E. (1999), Assessing the risk from the Depleted Uranium Weapons used in Operation Allied Forces, Science and Global Security, Volume 8:2, pp.162 (1999); Bukowski, G., Lopez, DA and McGehee, FM, (1993) "Uranium Battlefields Home and Abroad: Depleted Uranium Use by the U.S. Department of Defense," March 1993 pp.166, published by Citizen Alert and Rural Alliance for Military Accountability.

[4] Satu Hassi, Finnish Minister of the Environment, sent a letter to his rank pari passu in the EU, indicating that most of the 1,500 missiles fired on Serbia, including Kosovo, contained approximately 3 kg of DU each. Among other things, the Minister, in his letter, makes an appeal to the European Commission and his colleagues environment ministers to take action in favor of the ban DU.

[5] Various sources on the presence and amount 'of DU in Tomahawk Cruise Missiles

http://www.eoslifework.co.uk/pdfs/DU2102A3b.pdf

http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/mrta/ipan22.htm

http://web.peacelink.it/tematiche/disar ... erito.html

http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/a/60.html

http://www.mail-archive.com/news @ antic.org/msg01570.html

http://www.atlanticfreepress.com/news/1 ... e-usa.html

http://vzajic.tripod.com/3rdchapter.html

http://www.prorev.com/du.htm

http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/r ... temid=1712

http://cseserv.engr.scu.edu/StudentWebP ... hPaper.htm

http://worldpol.wordpress.com/2007/11/1 ... iya-pesic/

Zajic, Vladimir S. "Review of Radioactivity, Military Use, and Health Effects of Depleted Uranium" [1 August, 1999]. 2/27/2002. http://vzajic.tripod.com/>

[6] While the U.S. Navy Claims That they have Replaced the MK149-2 Phalanx round with a DU penetrator by the MK149-4 Phalanx round with a tungsten penetrator (with the DU round remaining in the inventory), new types of DU ammunition are being developed for other weapons systems,: such as the M919 rounds for Bradley fighting vehicles. Depleted uranium is Also Placed into the tips of the Tomahawk land-attack cruise missiles (TLAM) During test flights To provide weight and stability. The TLAM missile has a range of 680 nautical miles (1.260 km) and Is Able to carry a conventional warhead of 1000 lbs. (454 kg). Older warheads were steel encased. In order to Increase the missile range to 1,000 nautical miles (1.850 km), the latest Tomahawk cruise missiles carry a lighter 700 lb. (318 kg) warhead WDU-36 developed in 1993 Which is encased in titanium with a depleted uranium tip

[7] M.Zucchetti, 'Measurements of Radioactive Contamination in Kosovo Battlefields two to the use of Depleted Uranium Weapons By Nato Forces'', Proc 20th Conf of the Nuclear Societies in Israel, Dead Sea (Israel), dec. , 1999, p.282.

M.Cristaldi, A.Di Fazio, C.Pona, A.Tarozzi, M.Zucchetti "Depleted uranium (DU). Its use in the Balkans, its consequences on the territory and the population, "Janus, 36 (sett-dic. 2000), p. 11-31.

M.Zucchetti, 'Characterization of depleted Uranium and hazardous by inhalation', Janus, 36 (sett-dic. 2000), p. 33-44.

M.Cristaldi P.Angeloni, F.Degrassi, F.Iannuzzelli, A.Martocchia, L.Nencini, C.Pona, S.Salerno, M.Zucchetti. To environmental and pathogenic effects of the use of depleted uranium in warfare devices. Biological and Medical Tribune, 9 (1-2), January-June 2001: 29-41.

M. Zucchetti, "Military Use of Depleted Uranium: a Model for Assessment of Atmospheric Pollution and Health Effects in the Balkans", 11th International Symposium on "Environmental Pollution And Its Impact On Life In The Mediterranean Region", MESAEP, Lymassol, Cyprus, October 2001 , p.25.

M. Zucchetti "Some Facts On Depleted Uranium (DU), Its Use In The Balkans And Its Effects On The Health Of Soldiers And Civilian Population", Proc Int Conf NURT2001, Havana (Cuba), oct. , 2001, p.31.

M. Zucchetti, M. Azzati "Environmental Pollution and Population Health Effects in the Quirra Area, Sardinia Island (Italy)", 12th International Symposium on Environmental Pollution and its Impact on Life in the Mediterranean Region, Antalya (Turkey), October 2003, p. 190, ISBN 975-288-621-3.

M.Zucchetti, R. Chiarelli 'Diffusion of Environmental DU. Application of Models and Codes for Assessment of Atmospheric Pollution and Health Effects ', Conference on' depleted uranium. State of Knowledge and Research Perspectives', Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Rome) October 2004.

R. Chiarelli, M.Zucchetti, 'Health effects of depleted uranium in Iraq', Conference on 'The Primary Prevention of Occupational and Environmental Cancers of Origin', Genoa, November 2004. Posters available at: http://registri.istge.it/italiano/eventi/poster% 20n ° 25.htm

R. Chiarelli, M.Zucchetti, 'Application of models and codes of dose to the population to environmental dispersion of depleted uranium', Conference on 'The Primary Prevention of Occupational and Environmental Cancers of Origin', Genoa, November 2004. Posters available at: http://registri.istge.it/italiano/eventi/poster% 20n ° 26.htm

M. Zucchetti, "Environmental Pollution and Population Health Effects in the Quirra Area, Sardinia Island (Italy) and the Depleted Uranium Case", J. Env. Prot And Ecology 1, 7 (2006) 82-92.

M. Zucchetti, "Scenarios of future exposure in Iraq: living with depleted uranium" in: M.Zucchetti (ed.) "The invisible evil more and more visible," Odradek, Rome, June 2005, pp. 81-98.

M. Zucchetti, "depleted uranium. With elements of radiation protection and use of ionizing radiation, "CLUT, Torino, February 2006. ISBN 88-7992-225-4.

M.Zucchetti "Depleted Uranium", European Parliament, GiethoornTen Brink bv, Meppel (Holland), 2009. ISBN 978-90-9024147-0

[8] http://web.peacelink.it/tematiche/disar ... erito.html

[9] M. Cristaldi et al., Environmental consequences and pathogenic effects of the use of depleted uranium in warfare devices. Biological and Medical Tribune, 9 (1-2), January-June 2001: 29-41.

[10] It is a code developed by a U.S. laboratory, recognized and used internationally. See reference: BANapier et al. (1990), GENII - The Hanford Environmental Radiation Dosimetry Software System, PNL-6584, Pacific Northwest Laboratories (USA). In this case can be used only for an estimate of the dose from inhalation, given the particular scenario under consideration.

[11] ICRP, 1995. Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 3 - Ingestion Dose Coefficients. Annals of the ICRP Publication 69. 25 (no. 1).

[12] M.Zucchetti, 'Characterization of depleted Uranium and hazardous by inhalation', Janus, 36 (sett-dic. 2000), p. 33-44; R.Chiarelli, M.Zucchetti, 'Application of models and codes of dose to the population to environmental dispersion of depleted uranium', Conference on 'The Primary Prevention of Occupational and Environmental Cancers of Origin', Genoa, Nov.2004. http://registri.istge.it/italiano/eventi/poster% 20n ° 26.htm

[13] http://abcnews.go.com/International/lib ... d=13174246

[14] ME Kilpatrick, "No depleted uranium in munitions cruise missiles or Apache helicopter - comment on an article by During and Publiese," Health Physics, June 2002 82 (6): 905; Chief of the Radiation Protection Division, Air Force Medical Operations Agency, e-mail message, Subject: "Cruise Missiles," May 6, 1999; Head of Radiological Controls and Health Branch, Chief of Navy Operations, e-mail message, Subject: "NO DU Navy Cruise Missiles," August 4, 1999.

I drugi.... zbog koherentnosti.

[Alfons Kauders]

Zbog koherentnosti prevod prvog linka (sa italijanskog na engleski)
Syria: Accame, rain down at least 84 tons of depleted uranium
last update: 01 September, 18:12 hrs

comments comments 0 votes rate 2 sends print
Facebook Viadeo OkNotizie Stumble Wikio Friendfeed
Rome, September 1 (Adnkronos) - "In the event of a U.S. attack on Syria will rain at least 84 tons of depleted uranium." The complaint Accame Falco, president dell'Anavafaf (National Association of Victims Support enrolled in the armed forces and families of the fallen) and former Chairman of the Defence Committee of the Chamber. "Each of the 280 Tomahawk missiles, which should be used, - explains Accame-in fact contains 300 kg of depleted uranium in the empennage. Priceless damage to the population in the coming decades. What do you expect to ban these weapons?".

Bullshit, toliko ima Boeing 747

[TheMule]

Moguce je da Tomahavci imaju DU, cak i 300kg (zasto da ne, to bi bilo pozeljno sa nekog taktickog gledista) ali se ne mogu naci dokazi za to, samo skepkulacije.

Ipak, husainova primjedba je na mjestu, jer ce se DU koristiti ako dodje do napada. Ali mislim da koristenje tog nije vazno ako vec dodje do konflikta, jer se tamo desavaju dosta gore stvari, a DU je samo jedan prut koji se koristi da se tuce po Amerkancima. Kad su DU bacali po Bosni, ne sjecam se da su se ljudi bunili, osim oni u rs.

[Alfons Kauders]

CRUISE MISSILES ON LIBYA DEPLETED URANIUM STUDY ON THE CONSEQUENCES
Posted on Monday, March 21 @ 16:10:00 CET by david

Africa MAXIMUM ZUCCHETTI facebook.com Summary The cruise launched on Libya containing depleted uranium. Were calculated the consequences of radioactive pollution. Up to six thousand deaths





Introduction

The issues that concern the Depleted Uranium and its toxicity have sometimes, in recent years, departed from the field of science. The writer [1] is concerned with radiation protection for twenty years and depleted uranium since 1999. After an experience of publishing scientific papers in journals, conference proceedings and international conferences in Italy, on depleted uranium, this article attempts to provide an estimate of the possible impact on the environment and human health of the use of depleted uranium in the war of Libya ( 2011). News about its use have appeared in the media since the beginning of the conflict. [2]

To its particular physical characteristics, in particular the density which makes it extremely penetrating, but also the low cost (the DU to the production costs about $ 2 per kg) and the inconvenience to treat as radioactive waste, DU has found excellent mode use in the military.



If properly treated, the U-Ti alloy is a very effective material for the construction of kinetic energy penetrators, thick metal bars that can pierce armor when they are fired against it at high speed.

The penetration process pulverizes the most exploding into incandescent fragments of Uranium (violent combustion at nearly 5000 ° C) when it hits the air on the other side of the perforated armor, increasing the destructive effect. Such a property is called "pyrophoricity", for example, the characteristic of the sulfur of matches. So, in addition to the high density, also makes the DU pyrophoricity a material of great interest for these applications, in particular as an incendiary weapon (API: Armour Piercing Incendiary ie penetrator of armor arsonist).

Finally, in phase of impact on the target, the relative hardness of the DU (alloy with titanium) provides the projectile self-sharpening capacity: in other words, the bullet is not "flattens" against the armor that must break through, forming a "head flat "- how does such a projectile of Pb - but keeps its shape tapering to the complete fragmentation, thus not losing the penetrating properties.

In battle, the DU has certainly been used in the Gulf War of 1991, during the bombings NATO / UN over the Serbian Republic of Bosnia in September 1995 on Yugoslavia in the spring of 1999, in this century, during the attack on Afghanistan and then further in Iraq in 2003.

The use of devices to the DU in the wars in Somalia and Bosnia-central and central-eastern Europe (especially large areas around Sarajevo) in the 90s, in Palestine and shooting ranges within the competence of NATO military forces, is still incompletely documented [3].

Among the weapons that use DU, we can also mention the Tomahawk cruise missile whose use during the Balkan war of spring 1999, although not admitted by NATO has been confirmed by archeological discoveries and sources of the European Union [4].

On the other hand, the officers in the Decalogue, given to all men in uniform shipped in Kosovo, there were recommendations to follow to the letter, about the presence of depleted uranium on the territory and particularly in the Tomahawk Cruise Missiles. The introduction reads:

"The vehicles and materials of the Serbian army in Kosovo may pose a threat to the health of soldiers and civilians who were to come into contact. The vehicles and equipment found destroyed, damaged or abandoned must be inspected and handled only by qualified personnel. The dangers may arise from depleted uranium as a result of the damage caused by the NATO bombing campaign in relation to means directly or indirectly affected. In addition, the collimators containing tritium and the instruments and indicators can be treated with radioactive paint, dangerous for those who would have access to the means to inspect them. " Here are tips on how to avoid exposure to depleted uranium. Text: "Avoid any medium or material that you suspect being hit by munitions containing depleted uranium or Tomahawk cruise missiles. Do not harvest or collect with DU munitions found on the ground. Notify your command about the area you feel contaminated. Wherever you are demarcated the area contaminated with any material found on site. If you are in an area contaminated worn as a minimum the mask and protective gloves. Provide a good personal hygiene. Frequently wash the body and clothes. "

The assessments on the amount of DU used in cruise missiles differ.

In particular, they vary in the different sources, including values ​​around 3 kg, instead to go up to about 400 pounds. In a footnote, there is a compilation of different sources available on this aspect, very important for the estimation of the environmental impact. [5]

The predictable denials on the presence of uranium in these missiles collide with the publications above, and also on sources of military origin [6]

This large variability in the data can be easily explained. Some Cruise tested are weighed down with depleted uranium, others do not. Even those others, however, have not depleted uranium in the head of the missile, but in the wings, stabilizers during flight.

Then we can define two cases

WORST CASE: Cruise uranium in the head. Assume 400 pounds of DU.

BEST CASE: Cruise NOT Uranium in the head. Assume 3 pounds of DU in the wings.

Calculation of environmental impact and health

In the vast literature devoted to the problem of depleted uranium by the author [7] had already been dealt a calculation of radioactive contamination from uranium due to cruise missiles, particularly those launched on Bosnia in 1995. The study and 'also available on the internet, as well as in the scientific journal Biological and Medical Tribune. [8], [9].

Taking the models used in the cited article, you can deduce what is the situation of theater, places of inhalation, with only a calculation in an effort to ascertain whether, at least in a realistic case, the order of magnitude of the doses in the game does not allow of neglecting the problem.

Consider the impact of a Tomahawk cruise missile that brings 3 kg (best case), or 400 kg (worst case) of DU.

The impact produces a cloud of debris of various sizes, after violent combustion at about 5000 ° C. The dust is, as mentioned, consists of particles of size in the range [0.5 - 5] micron. Between 500 and 1000 meters from the impact can breathe clouds with a density sufficient to cause relevant doses, composed of particles that have a mass of from about 0.6 to about 5 nanograms (6-50x10-10 g). E 'was performed by estimation by the code of dose calculation GENIE [10], neglecting the effects of the fire and considering only inhalation exposure for an hour due to the simple release of the material, not considering some factors that could cause further increase the exposure. In an hour you can inhale radioactive dust from the cloud in significant quantities already.

Account should be taken that the motions of the body fluid atmospheric (wind speed and direction, vertical temperature gradient, etc..) Can result in relatively small solid angles, the pollutant concentrations up to several orders of magnitude higher than those that would occur with a calculation of uniform dispersion, which makes no sense in this scenario. Critical group, in this case, it is precisely those people "invested" by the cloud of dust.

A missile hits the target can catch fire and disperse powders oxidized in the environment, according to the estimate of the probability of it being in this work.

About 70% of DU, contained in the missiles that are supposed to always go to sign, being "smart", it burns. Of this, about half are soluble oxides.

The size distribution of the constituent particles of DU oxide dust belongs entirely to the poor breathable, and ultrafine particles are also created. In particular, the diameter of the particles is in this case more than the fine powder of uranium of industrial origin, common within the nuclear industry. It speaks of the great majority of the powders contained in the range [1-10] micron, with a substantial part with a diameter less than one micron.

As for the fate of DU dust in the human body, the main route of intake is - as noted - inhalation. As mentioned, part of the powders are soluble and partly insoluble in body fluids.

Given the characteristics of DU oxides of military origin, it should be noted as they have different behavior with respect to industrial dust of uranium. It can however still assume, according to ICRP [11] that about 60% dell'inalato is deposited in the respiratory system, the rest is riesalato.

One can assume that about 25% of the particles of diameter around 1 micron are voted for a long period in the lungs, while the rest is deposited in the upper stretches airplane, passes in the digestive system and from here is eliminated for the most part through the respiratory tract, while small parts go to accumulate in bones.

25% of micro-particles voted in the lungs, about half behaves as a material class M according to ICRP, which is slowly soluble in body fluids, while the rest is insoluble.

This type of behavior and exposure has not been studied in any previous situation of exposure to alpha emitters in the lungs, found in civil. The mode of exposure is therefore very different from those on the basis of which we have obtained the equivalences-dose radiation damage.

It is therefore not entirely correct - even though it is a point of reference - to extrapolate risk assessments for exposure to this type of micro-radioactive dust from the data obtained for uranium miners, nor of course the high-irradiated Hiroshima and Nagasaki. ICRP radiation protection standards are based on these experiences, and therefore may lead to underestimation of the risk in this case.

Turning then to other type of toxicity compared to that radiological, is then plausible that:

- Having regard to the component of fine and ultrafine powders of DU for military origin,

- Having regard to the chemical toxicity of uranium,

environmental contamination by DU oxides of military origin has both chemical and radiological toxicity: it must be evaluated the synergistic effect of these two components.

In other words, radioactivity and chemical toxicity of DU could act together creating a "cocktail" which further increases the risk.

It then puts emphasis on the fact that the arid climate of Libya favors the dispersion of the particles in the air with depleted uranium, which can be inhaled by civilians for years. The main mechanism of exposure to medium-long term concerns the resuspension of dust and the subsequent inhalation.

The methodology and assumptions for this model have already been published in other works of the author [12] to which we refer. Are highlighted here only the final touches and changes with respect to the model applied and already published, and in particular:

- The calculation of dose commitment is 70 years and not more than 50 years, as recommended by ICRP.

- We are now used to approximate data on population distribution around the points of impact, which also take into account the use of the main DU bullets in populated areas.

The model results can be summarized as follows:

- CEDE (collective dose): 370 MSVP in 70 y, for 1 kg of DU oxidized and released into the environment.

- CEDE annual maximum in the first year (76 MSVP), which follows the second year (47 MSVP) and the third (33 MSVP).

- The whole route of exposure is inhalation of dust. The target organ is the lung (97.5% contribution to CEDE).

- Among the nuclides responsible, 83% of the CEDE is U238, U234 and 14% from

With regard to the total amount of oxidized DU released into the environment, it's off to this assessment from the data reported by the international press: the first day of the war, about 112 cruise missiles impacted on Libyan soil. [13] How many missiles will be fired before the end of the war? Is unknown, we will do an intake of about 1,000 missiles fired, and in any case, the values ​​to be estimated will be variable with a simple proportion.

If all the missiles were "devoid" of DU, it would still have a quantity of:

1000 * 3 = 3000 kilos = 3 tons of DU (best case)

If all the missiles were tested with DU would have an amount up to

400,000 pounds = 400 tons of DU.

Compare this figure with the 10-15 tons of DU fired in Kosovo in 1999 to assess their seriousness.

Assume that about 70% of uranium burn and be released into the environment, thus arriving at an estimate of the amount of DU dispersed oxides of about 2.1 tons (best case) and 280 tonnes (worst case).

This therefore allows us to estimate a CEDE (collective dose) for the entire population was:

Best case: 370 MSVP / kg * 2100 kg = approximately 780 SVP.

Worst case: 370 MSVP / kg * 280,000 kg = 104000 Svp about

We reiterate that it is not entirely correct - although constitutes a reference point - extrapolate risk assessments for exposure to this type of micro-radioactive dusts from the standards of radiation protection ICRP, which are those adopted by the code GEN II.

However, if we apply here the coefficient of 6% Sv-1 for the risk of cancer, we get about

Best case: about 50 cases of cancer in addition, expected in 70 years.

Worst case: about 6200 cases of cancer in addition, expected in 70 years.

Conclusions

The risks from exposure to depleted uranium of the population of Libya following the use of this material in the war of 2011 were evaluated with an approach as broad as possible, trying to take into account the results of some recent studies in the field.

This type of exposure has not been studied in any previous situation of exposure to alpha emitters in the lungs, found in civil field.

However, the assessment made of the doses and the consequent risks to both situations (Cruise "without uranium" or "uranium") allows to draw some conclusions.

In the first case (best case), the number of tumors expected and 'very small d absolutely not significant from a statistical standpoint. This statistical difficulty - as it is just obvious to point out - has nothing to do with an acquittal of this practice, its acceptance, or less than ever with an assertion of a minor or even harmless.

In the second case (worst case), however, we are faced with a number of tumor arising equal to a few thousands. These could easily be detected in epidemiological and arouse undoubtedly strong concern.

It is therefore necessary that the armies are bombing Libya clarify with evidence, not assertions of convenience, the presence or not, and in what quantities, of uranium in their missiles.

In the past, there have been disproved "official" of the presence of uranium in cruise missiles, [14] but they coming from the military, the author allows himself to consider, as a minimum, with some caution.

Based on the available data, the estimates of the cancer cases in the coming years in Libya as a result of this practice are absolutely totally unjustified concern. The discussion concerning the incidence of each of teratogens used in a war (Chemical, radioactive, etc..) It seems - at some level - and even insignificant, will be allowed as a final thought, disrespectful of a fact: the dead in Libya as a result of this attack supersede and will far exceed any amount that can be defined as "a fair price to pay."

It 'important to finally collect data and research - and there are many - in the field of the effects of "new wars" of man and the environment, you must show how modern weapons, not surgical, produce unacceptable damage; studied what must have caused , to men and environment that have been subjected to the "humanitarian" wars since 1991.

Massimo Zucchetti
Source: http://www.facebook.com
Link:


[1] Professor of the first band in "Nuclear Plants" at the Polytechnic of Turin, holds the courses of "Safety and Risk Analysis" and "Radiation Protection".

[2] http://contropiano.dyndns.org/en/archiv ... ulla-libia

[3] VS Zajic, 1999. Review of radioactivity, military use and health effects of DU: http://members.tripod.com/vzajic ; Liolos Th E. (1999), Assessing the risk from the Depleted Uranium Weapons used in Operation Allied Forces, Science and Global Security, Volume 8:2, pp.162 (1999); Bukowski, G., Lopez, DA and McGehee, FM, (1993) "Uranium Battlefields Home and Abroad: Depleted Uranium Use by the U.S. Department of Defense," March 1993 pp.166, published by Citizen Alert and Rural Alliance for Military Accountability.

[4] Satu Hassi, Finnish Minister of the Environment, sent a letter to his rank pari passu in the EU, indicating that most of the 1,500 missiles fired on Serbia, including Kosovo, contained approximately 3 kg of DU each. Among other things, the Minister, in his letter, makes an appeal to the European Commission and his colleagues environment ministers to take action in favor of the ban DU.

[5] Various sources on the presence and amount 'of DU in Tomahawk Cruise Missiles

http://www.eoslifework.co.uk/pdfs/DU2102A3b.pdf

http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/mrta/ipan22.htm

http://web.peacelink.it/tematiche/disar ... erito.html

http://www.bandepleteduranium.org/en/a/60.html

http://www.mail-archive.com/news @ antic.org/msg01570.html

http://www.atlanticfreepress.com/news/1 ... e-usa.html

http://vzajic.tripod.com/3rdchapter.html

http://www.prorev.com/du.htm

http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/r ... temid=1712

http://cseserv.engr.scu.edu/StudentWebP ... hPaper.htm

http://worldpol.wordpress.com/2007/11/1 ... iya-pesic/

Zajic, Vladimir S. "Review of Radioactivity, Military Use, and Health Effects of Depleted Uranium" [1 August, 1999]. 2/27/2002. http://vzajic.tripod.com/>

[6] While the U.S. Navy Claims That they have Replaced the MK149-2 Phalanx round with a DU penetrator by the MK149-4 Phalanx round with a tungsten penetrator (with the DU round remaining in the inventory), new types of DU ammunition are being developed for other weapons systems,: such as the M919 rounds for Bradley fighting vehicles. Depleted uranium is Also Placed into the tips of the Tomahawk land-attack cruise missiles (TLAM) During test flights To provide weight and stability. The TLAM missile has a range of 680 nautical miles (1.260 km) and Is Able to carry a conventional warhead of 1000 lbs. (454 kg). Older warheads were steel encased. In order to Increase the missile range to 1,000 nautical miles (1.850 km), the latest Tomahawk cruise missiles carry a lighter 700 lb. (318 kg) warhead WDU-36 developed in 1993 Which is encased in titanium with a depleted uranium tip

[7] M.Zucchetti, 'Measurements of Radioactive Contamination in Kosovo Battlefields two to the use of Depleted Uranium Weapons By Nato Forces'', Proc 20th Conf of the Nuclear Societies in Israel, Dead Sea (Israel), dec. , 1999, p.282.

M.Cristaldi, A.Di Fazio, C.Pona, A.Tarozzi, M.Zucchetti "Depleted uranium (DU). Its use in the Balkans, its consequences on the territory and the population, "Janus, 36 (sett-dic. 2000), p. 11-31.

M.Zucchetti, 'Characterization of depleted Uranium and hazardous by inhalation', Janus, 36 (sett-dic. 2000), p. 33-44.

M.Cristaldi P.Angeloni, F.Degrassi, F.Iannuzzelli, A.Martocchia, L.Nencini, C.Pona, S.Salerno, M.Zucchetti. To environmental and pathogenic effects of the use of depleted uranium in warfare devices. Biological and Medical Tribune, 9 (1-2), January-June 2001: 29-41.

M. Zucchetti, "Military Use of Depleted Uranium: a Model for Assessment of Atmospheric Pollution and Health Effects in the Balkans", 11th International Symposium on "Environmental Pollution And Its Impact On Life In The Mediterranean Region", MESAEP, Lymassol, Cyprus, October 2001 , p.25.

M. Zucchetti "Some Facts On Depleted Uranium (DU), Its Use In The Balkans And Its Effects On The Health Of Soldiers And Civilian Population", Proc Int Conf NURT2001, Havana (Cuba), oct. , 2001, p.31.

M. Zucchetti, M. Azzati "Environmental Pollution and Population Health Effects in the Quirra Area, Sardinia Island (Italy)", 12th International Symposium on Environmental Pollution and its Impact on Life in the Mediterranean Region, Antalya (Turkey), October 2003, p. 190, ISBN 975-288-621-3.

M.Zucchetti, R. Chiarelli 'Diffusion of Environmental DU. Application of Models and Codes for Assessment of Atmospheric Pollution and Health Effects ', Conference on' depleted uranium. State of Knowledge and Research Perspectives', Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Rome) October 2004.

R. Chiarelli, M.Zucchetti, 'Health effects of depleted uranium in Iraq', Conference on 'The Primary Prevention of Occupational and Environmental Cancers of Origin', Genoa, November 2004. Posters available at: http://registri.istge.it/italiano/eventi/poster% 20n ° 25.htm

R. Chiarelli, M.Zucchetti, 'Application of models and codes of dose to the population to environmental dispersion of depleted uranium', Conference on 'The Primary Prevention of Occupational and Environmental Cancers of Origin', Genoa, November 2004. Posters available at: http://registri.istge.it/italiano/eventi/poster% 20n ° 26.htm

M. Zucchetti, "Environmental Pollution and Population Health Effects in the Quirra Area, Sardinia Island (Italy) and the Depleted Uranium Case", J. Env. Prot And Ecology 1, 7 (2006) 82-92.

M. Zucchetti, "Scenarios of future exposure in Iraq: living with depleted uranium" in: M.Zucchetti (ed.) "The invisible evil more and more visible," Odradek, Rome, June 2005, pp. 81-98.

M. Zucchetti, "depleted uranium. With elements of radiation protection and use of ionizing radiation, "CLUT, Torino, February 2006. ISBN 88-7992-225-4.

M.Zucchetti "Depleted Uranium", European Parliament, GiethoornTen Brink bv, Meppel (Holland), 2009. ISBN 978-90-9024147-0

[8] http://web.peacelink.it/tematiche/disar ... erito.html

[9] M. Cristaldi et al., Environmental consequences and pathogenic effects of the use of depleted uranium in warfare devices. Biological and Medical Tribune, 9 (1-2), January-June 2001: 29-41.

[10] It is a code developed by a U.S. laboratory, recognized and used internationally. See reference: BANapier et al. (1990), GENII - The Hanford Environmental Radiation Dosimetry Software System, PNL-6584, Pacific Northwest Laboratories (USA). In this case can be used only for an estimate of the dose from inhalation, given the particular scenario under consideration.

[11] ICRP, 1995. Age-dependent Doses to Members of the Public from Intake of Radionuclides: Part 3 - Ingestion Dose Coefficients. Annals of the ICRP Publication 69. 25 (no. 1).

[12] M.Zucchetti, 'Characterization of depleted Uranium and hazardous by inhalation', Janus, 36 (sett-dic. 2000), p. 33-44; R.Chiarelli, M.Zucchetti, 'Application of models and codes of dose to the population to environmental dispersion of depleted uranium', Conference on 'The Primary Prevention of Occupational and Environmental Cancers of Origin', Genoa, Nov.2004. http://registri.istge.it/italiano/eventi/poster% 20n ° 26.htm

[13] http://abcnews.go.com/International/lib ... d=13174246

[14] ME Kilpatrick, "No depleted uranium in munitions cruise missiles or Apache helicopter - comment on an article by During and Publiese," Health Physics, June 2002 82 (6): 905; Chief of the Radiation Protection Division, Air Force Medical Operations Agency, e-mail message, Subject: "Cruise Missiles," May 6, 1999; Head of Radiological Controls and Health Branch, Chief of Navy Operations, e-mail message, Subject: "NO DU Navy Cruise Missiles," August 4, 1999.

I drugi.... zbog koherentnosti.

Zbog koherentnosti, bullshit, opet. DU je opasan kao penetrator, ako se prilikom udara pretvori u prasinu i udahne. DU koji se koristi kao balast u avionima, te u nekim raketama, nema tu namjenu. U protivnom bi sve stjuardese, piloti, tehnicari i ostalo osoblje koje dolazi u dodir s njim krepalo od raka. Plus posade Abrams tehkova sa DU oklopom, masa mornara itd.

Samo prisustvo DU u nekoj spravi nije opasno - DU je opasan kada se izlaze prasini. Kineticka energija koja se oslobadja padom aviona sa DU balastom nije dovoljna da do toga dodje.

[Alfons Kauders]

Moguce je da Tomahavci imaju DU, cak i 300kg (zasto da ne, to bi bilo pozeljno sa nekog taktickog gledista) ali se ne mogu naci dokazi za to, samo skepkulacije.

Ipak, husainova primjedba je na mjestu, jer ce se DU koristiti ako dodje do napada. Ali mislim da koristenje tog nije vazno ako vec dodje do konflikta, jer se tamo desavaju dosta gore stvari, a DU je samo jedan prut koji se koristi da se tuce po Amerkancima. Kad su DU bacali po Bosni, ne sjecam se da su se ljudi bunili, osim oni u rs.

Ne vidim takticku namjenu za takav Tomahawk. DU penetratori se koriste na protuoklopnim sredstvima, penetratorima koji pice 1500m/s... Tomahawk je 6-7 puta sporiji - nikakav ucinak ne bi dobio od DU... Zato se i ne koristi u te svrhe, kao ni na bombama, cak ni na bunker-buster bombama. Nema svrhe.

DU se u BiH i na Kosovu koristio u vidu 30mm protutenkovske municije... Druga primjena bi bila tenkovski topovi kalibra 120mm - nista od toga nece biti koristeno u Siriji.