Jedan od najboljih serijala koji sam ikad pogledao. Jane je nesto posebno.Fair Life wrote:Sa uzivancijom sam pratio serijal o njoj i njezinoj brizi o cimpanzama.Hierarchia wrote:Jane Goodall - zaštitnica majmuna.
PRIMATOLOGIJA
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NIN
- Posts: 6187
- Joined: 15/02/2006 20:18
- Location: Via Lactea, Orion Arm
#28
Video: New Bonobo Ape Population Discovered
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news ... video.html
March 6, 2007—A new population of bonobos, one of humankind's closest genetic relatives, has been discovered deep in a forest in Africa's Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Perhaps the largest known concentration of bonobos anywhere, the group may number as many as 3,000—a significant addition to a recent estimated total of 10,000.
Bonobos, or pygmy chimpanzees, live only in the Congo River Basin and are notable for using sex for greetings, reconciliations, and favors for food.
The apparently thriving new population may owe its success to its location—partly within a private ranch—and to the local Bateke people
"We consider them human, our ancestors," a Bateke man said. "We don't eat them, and we don't kill them."
Video by "Wild Chronicles," airing on PBS, made possible by National Geographic Mission Programs and WWF and presented by WLIW New York
Pozdrav...
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news ... video.html
March 6, 2007—A new population of bonobos, one of humankind's closest genetic relatives, has been discovered deep in a forest in Africa's Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Perhaps the largest known concentration of bonobos anywhere, the group may number as many as 3,000—a significant addition to a recent estimated total of 10,000.
Bonobos, or pygmy chimpanzees, live only in the Congo River Basin and are notable for using sex for greetings, reconciliations, and favors for food.
The apparently thriving new population may owe its success to its location—partly within a private ranch—and to the local Bateke people
"We consider them human, our ancestors," a Bateke man said. "We don't eat them, and we don't kill them."
Video by "Wild Chronicles," airing on PBS, made possible by National Geographic Mission Programs and WWF and presented by WLIW New York
Pozdrav...
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NIN
- Posts: 6187
- Joined: 15/02/2006 20:18
- Location: Via Lactea, Orion Arm
#29 Re: PRIMATOLOGIJA
Who's Bad? Chimps Figure It Out By Observation
ScienceDaily (Mar. 31, 2008) — Chimpanzees make judgments about the actions and dispositions of strangers by observing others’ behavior and interactions in different situations. Specifically, chimpanzees show an ability to recognize certain behavioral traits and make assumptions about the presence or absence of these traits in strangers in similar situations thereafter. These findings are by Dr. Francys Subiaul - from the George Washington University in Washington DC - and his team.
Character judgments are an essential feature of cooperative exchanges between humans, and we use them to predict future behavioral interactions. A system for attributing reputation is therefore expected in any species which needs to assess the behavior of others and to predict the outcomes of future interactions. Chimpanzees have sophisticated social skills and there is evidence that primates eavesdrop and benefit from third-party interactions. Could they have a system for forming reputation judgments across a wide variety of contexts like humans?
In a series of three experiments, Dr. Subiaul and colleagues looked at whether chimpanzees learn the reputation of strangers indirectly by observation, or by first-hand experience. Seven chimpanzees observed unfamiliar humans either consistently give (‘generous’ donor) or refuse to give (‘selfish’ donor) food to either a familiar human recipient or another chimp.
In the first experiment, after observing humans either give or refuse food to familiar humans, chimps were in turn given the opportunity to gesture to either the ‘selfish’ or the ‘generous’ human. There was no marked preference for either donor. However, in a second experiment, the researchers evaluated whether prolonged observation and first-hand experience would allow chimps to generalize this social rule—pertaining to the reputation of strangers—to new humans. In this experiment, the chimpanzees showed a strong preference for the new generous donor.
They were able to predict which new donor was generous, based entirely on observation. In a third experiment, chimpanzees (rather than humans) were the recipients of either ‘selfish’ or ‘generous’ acts. The results of this last experiment replicated the results of the second experiment in a new context and using novel ‘generous’ and ‘selfish’ acts, demonstrated that chimpanzees are flexible and astute social problem-solvers, capable of attributing reputation to strangers by eavesdropping on interactions between others.
The authors conclude that their results demonstrate chimpanzees’ ability “to infer stability in an individual’s character or behavior over time through observation – an inference that underlies the ability to make reputation judgments…This ability may have served as a catalyst to the evolution of various uniquely human traits such as shared intentionality, language and reasoning.”
Journal reference: Subiaul F et al (2008). Do chimpanzees learn reputation by observation? Evidence from direct and indirect experience with generous and selfish strangers. Animal Cognition (DOI 10.1007/s10071-008-0151-6)
Pozdrav...
ScienceDaily (Mar. 31, 2008) — Chimpanzees make judgments about the actions and dispositions of strangers by observing others’ behavior and interactions in different situations. Specifically, chimpanzees show an ability to recognize certain behavioral traits and make assumptions about the presence or absence of these traits in strangers in similar situations thereafter. These findings are by Dr. Francys Subiaul - from the George Washington University in Washington DC - and his team.
Character judgments are an essential feature of cooperative exchanges between humans, and we use them to predict future behavioral interactions. A system for attributing reputation is therefore expected in any species which needs to assess the behavior of others and to predict the outcomes of future interactions. Chimpanzees have sophisticated social skills and there is evidence that primates eavesdrop and benefit from third-party interactions. Could they have a system for forming reputation judgments across a wide variety of contexts like humans?
In a series of three experiments, Dr. Subiaul and colleagues looked at whether chimpanzees learn the reputation of strangers indirectly by observation, or by first-hand experience. Seven chimpanzees observed unfamiliar humans either consistently give (‘generous’ donor) or refuse to give (‘selfish’ donor) food to either a familiar human recipient or another chimp.
In the first experiment, after observing humans either give or refuse food to familiar humans, chimps were in turn given the opportunity to gesture to either the ‘selfish’ or the ‘generous’ human. There was no marked preference for either donor. However, in a second experiment, the researchers evaluated whether prolonged observation and first-hand experience would allow chimps to generalize this social rule—pertaining to the reputation of strangers—to new humans. In this experiment, the chimpanzees showed a strong preference for the new generous donor.
They were able to predict which new donor was generous, based entirely on observation. In a third experiment, chimpanzees (rather than humans) were the recipients of either ‘selfish’ or ‘generous’ acts. The results of this last experiment replicated the results of the second experiment in a new context and using novel ‘generous’ and ‘selfish’ acts, demonstrated that chimpanzees are flexible and astute social problem-solvers, capable of attributing reputation to strangers by eavesdropping on interactions between others.
The authors conclude that their results demonstrate chimpanzees’ ability “to infer stability in an individual’s character or behavior over time through observation – an inference that underlies the ability to make reputation judgments…This ability may have served as a catalyst to the evolution of various uniquely human traits such as shared intentionality, language and reasoning.”
Journal reference: Subiaul F et al (2008). Do chimpanzees learn reputation by observation? Evidence from direct and indirect experience with generous and selfish strangers. Animal Cognition (DOI 10.1007/s10071-008-0151-6)
Pozdrav...
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statix
- Posts: 2961
- Joined: 27/08/2009 09:04
- Location: Sarajevo
#30 Re: PRIMATOLOGIJA
In search of world's rarest and most endangered gorilla
The Cross River gorilla is the world's most endangered gorilla . It's estimated that there are only 300 left in Nigeria and Cameroon.
The Cross River gorilla is the world's most endangered gorilla . It's estimated that there are only 300 left in Nigeria and Cameroon.
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NIN
- Posts: 6187
- Joined: 15/02/2006 20:18
- Location: Via Lactea, Orion Arm
#31 Re: PRIMATOLOGIJA
Malo o altruizmu u nasoj i Pan vrsti:
Baby's Helping Hands: First Evidence For Altruistic Behaviours In Human Infants And Chimpanzees
ScienceDaily (Mar. 5, 2006) — According to a Yiddish proverb, 'if you ever need a helping hand, you'll find one at the end of your arm.' A new study from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany offers another place to find one - children and chimpanzees. Researchers developed several helping scenarios in which an adult was struggling with a problem and needed help. In one such scenario, an adult accidentally dropped objects on a floor and was unable to reach them.
Human infants at 18 month of age helped spontaneously in several of the tasks. Also, chimpanzees displayed similar helping behaviours, although only in easier tasks. These new findings show that rudimentary forms of altruistic behaviours are present in our closest evolutionary relatives. As recent findings by other researchers from the same institute show, these seem to be restricted to particular situations. (SCIENCE, March 3, 2006).
Felix Warneken and Mike Tomasello found that children as young as 18 months willingly helped complete strangers. 'The results were astonishing because these children are so young - they still wear diapers and are barely able to use language,' says Warneken. 'But they already show helping behaviour.'
Warneken performed various tasks like hanging clothes on a line, and would drop a clothes peg out of his reach. For the first 10 seconds he reached for the peg. In the next 10 seconds he also looked at the child. After 20 seconds he said 'my peg!'. But he never directly asked the child for help, and did not thank or reward the child if the peg was retrieved. Virtually all children helped at least once in these situations and in 84% of cases they helped during the first 10 seconds, before Warneken even made eye contact.
'The children didn't fetch the peg automatically because in another part of the test I threw it on the ground deliberately and they didn't pick it up. They only gave it to me if they inferred that I needed the peg to complete my goal, in this case, hanging up the clothes.'
In case picking up clothes pegs was something the children had experienced before, Warneken invented new and more complicated situations. One was a box with a flap to retrieve objects inside the box. Warneken accidentally dropped a spoon inside and pretended he didn't know about the flap. Again, the children only helped Warneken retrieve the spoon if he was struggling to get it, as opposed to when Warneken threw the spoon inside deliberately.
Going to some effort to help someone, without any benefit to yourself, is called altruism. So far, only humans are proven altruists. We donate money to charity, we pay taxes and we help people we don't know. But never before has this ability been shown in children who are so young who haven't yet developed much in the way of language skills. The study shows that even infants without much socialization are willing and able to help spontaneously.
But is helping unique to humans? A recent study by Jensen and colleagues shows that chimpanzees only care about themselves when the goal is to retrieve food. However, chimpanzees might help in situations other than foraging. Therefore, Warneken conducted the same helping tasks also with human-raised chimpanzees. Although the chimpanzees didn't help in the more complex tasks, like the box experiment, they did help when their human caretaker was reaching for something.
'This is the first experiment showing altruistic helping toward goals in any non human primate,' says Warneken. 'It's been claimed chimpanzees act mainly for their own ends, but in our experiment, there was no reward and they still helped.'
Altruism in chimpanzees may mean our common ancestor already had rudimentary forms of helping behaviour before chimpanzees and humans split six million years ago.
'People thought helping behaviour was unique to humans, but maybe chimps aren't as different as we thought,' says Warneken with a smile. 'Perhaps there was a klix bit of altruism in our evolutionary ancestor and it's grown so much stronger in modern humans.'
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/20 ... 205611.htm
Baby's Helping Hands: First Evidence For Altruistic Behaviours In Human Infants And Chimpanzees
ScienceDaily (Mar. 5, 2006) — According to a Yiddish proverb, 'if you ever need a helping hand, you'll find one at the end of your arm.' A new study from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany offers another place to find one - children and chimpanzees. Researchers developed several helping scenarios in which an adult was struggling with a problem and needed help. In one such scenario, an adult accidentally dropped objects on a floor and was unable to reach them.
Human infants at 18 month of age helped spontaneously in several of the tasks. Also, chimpanzees displayed similar helping behaviours, although only in easier tasks. These new findings show that rudimentary forms of altruistic behaviours are present in our closest evolutionary relatives. As recent findings by other researchers from the same institute show, these seem to be restricted to particular situations. (SCIENCE, March 3, 2006).
Felix Warneken and Mike Tomasello found that children as young as 18 months willingly helped complete strangers. 'The results were astonishing because these children are so young - they still wear diapers and are barely able to use language,' says Warneken. 'But they already show helping behaviour.'
Warneken performed various tasks like hanging clothes on a line, and would drop a clothes peg out of his reach. For the first 10 seconds he reached for the peg. In the next 10 seconds he also looked at the child. After 20 seconds he said 'my peg!'. But he never directly asked the child for help, and did not thank or reward the child if the peg was retrieved. Virtually all children helped at least once in these situations and in 84% of cases they helped during the first 10 seconds, before Warneken even made eye contact.
'The children didn't fetch the peg automatically because in another part of the test I threw it on the ground deliberately and they didn't pick it up. They only gave it to me if they inferred that I needed the peg to complete my goal, in this case, hanging up the clothes.'
In case picking up clothes pegs was something the children had experienced before, Warneken invented new and more complicated situations. One was a box with a flap to retrieve objects inside the box. Warneken accidentally dropped a spoon inside and pretended he didn't know about the flap. Again, the children only helped Warneken retrieve the spoon if he was struggling to get it, as opposed to when Warneken threw the spoon inside deliberately.
Going to some effort to help someone, without any benefit to yourself, is called altruism. So far, only humans are proven altruists. We donate money to charity, we pay taxes and we help people we don't know. But never before has this ability been shown in children who are so young who haven't yet developed much in the way of language skills. The study shows that even infants without much socialization are willing and able to help spontaneously.
But is helping unique to humans? A recent study by Jensen and colleagues shows that chimpanzees only care about themselves when the goal is to retrieve food. However, chimpanzees might help in situations other than foraging. Therefore, Warneken conducted the same helping tasks also with human-raised chimpanzees. Although the chimpanzees didn't help in the more complex tasks, like the box experiment, they did help when their human caretaker was reaching for something.
'This is the first experiment showing altruistic helping toward goals in any non human primate,' says Warneken. 'It's been claimed chimpanzees act mainly for their own ends, but in our experiment, there was no reward and they still helped.'
Altruism in chimpanzees may mean our common ancestor already had rudimentary forms of helping behaviour before chimpanzees and humans split six million years ago.
'People thought helping behaviour was unique to humans, but maybe chimps aren't as different as we thought,' says Warneken with a smile. 'Perhaps there was a klix bit of altruism in our evolutionary ancestor and it's grown so much stronger in modern humans.'
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/20 ... 205611.htm
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statix
- Posts: 2961
- Joined: 27/08/2009 09:04
- Location: Sarajevo
#32 Re: PRIMATOLOGIJA
Ako je OT, reci NIN i brisem... 
Bamboozled!
Amazing pictures of a 30 stone Silverback gorilla who has one too many - and ends up with a sore head
When wildlife photographer Andy Rouse was told he would find a family of endangered gorillas high on the mountain, he did not expect to find them this high.
Sitting back in the foliage as if it was a cocktail bar, the mountain gorillas had been gorging on alcoholic sap from fresh bamboo shoots and were looking distinctly the worse for wear.
Closing time: A pie-eyed and legless Kwitonda keels over as he attempts to get up from the bar.
Mamurluk
Hangover: He wakes up the next day with a pounding headache, but he has the perfect solution - another hair of the gorilla, barman!
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/ ... -head.html
Bamboozled!
Amazing pictures of a 30 stone Silverback gorilla who has one too many - and ends up with a sore headWhen wildlife photographer Andy Rouse was told he would find a family of endangered gorillas high on the mountain, he did not expect to find them this high.
Sitting back in the foliage as if it was a cocktail bar, the mountain gorillas had been gorging on alcoholic sap from fresh bamboo shoots and were looking distinctly the worse for wear.
Closing time: A pie-eyed and legless Kwitonda keels over as he attempts to get up from the bar.
Mamurluk
Hangover: He wakes up the next day with a pounding headache, but he has the perfect solution - another hair of the gorilla, barman!
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/ ... -head.html
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NIN
- Posts: 6187
- Joined: 15/02/2006 20:18
- Location: Via Lactea, Orion Arm
#33 Re: PRIMATOLOGIJA
Ma kakav OT, ovo je odlican post da ljudi vide da nisu jedinstveni cak ni u porocima alkohola!statix wrote:Ako je OT, reci NIN i brisem...
Bamboozled!
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NIN
- Posts: 6187
- Joined: 15/02/2006 20:18
- Location: Via Lactea, Orion Arm
#34 Re: PRIMATOLOGIJA
Congo Chimps
The Truth About Chimps
Virtually innocent of human contact, the chimps of Congo's Goualougo Triangle display a sharp curiosity about us—and a sophisticated culture of toolmaking observed nowhere else.
A few years ago, while setting up camp deep in the Congolese rain forest, Dave Morgan and Crickette Sanz heard a party of male chimpanzees vocalizing raucously in the distance. The hoots grew louder, and they could tell the group was moving rapidly through the canopy.
The chimps, they realized, were headed straight for their camp and would soon be nearly on top of them. Then, just as the group seemed to be closing its distance to a few dozen yards, the forest went silent. A few seconds passed before Sanz and Morgan heard a gentle hoo from a tree almost directly above them. They looked up and saw a perplexed adult chimp peering down.
When wild chimps encounter humans, they typically flee in panic—understandable given that the relationship between our two species has often been one of prey and predator. This reticence around humans is part of what makes wild chimp research so difficult. Before the animals can ever be studied, they must learn not to bolt at the sight of a person, a process of habituation that requires many years of diligently trailing the animals around the forest.
One thing unhabituated chimps aren't ever expected to do when they run into humans is call over all their buddies. But that's exactly what happened. Another chimp showed up a moment later. Then a third. Then a fourth. Manic yelping enveloped the canopy. Morgan and Sanz may have been the scientists, but it was the chimps who were behaving as if they'd made some great discovery. The party sat on limbs above the camp all evening, watching excitedly as a fire was started, tents were pitched, and dinner was prepared.
"I thought, This is what loggers must have seen all through central Africa, and poachers shot them all," says Morgan, 40, a conservation fellow with Lincoln Park Zoo and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). Morgan has spent the better part of the past ten years living with Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle study area, a pristine 147-square-mile nub of lowland forest overlapping the Ndoki and Goualougo Rivers in northern Republic of the Congo. He and Sanz were awed by the close encounter, but they began to wonder when it might end. It was getting dark. Where were the chimps going to nest?
...nastavak na:
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/ ... oer-text/2
The Truth About Chimps
Virtually innocent of human contact, the chimps of Congo's Goualougo Triangle display a sharp curiosity about us—and a sophisticated culture of toolmaking observed nowhere else.
A few years ago, while setting up camp deep in the Congolese rain forest, Dave Morgan and Crickette Sanz heard a party of male chimpanzees vocalizing raucously in the distance. The hoots grew louder, and they could tell the group was moving rapidly through the canopy.
The chimps, they realized, were headed straight for their camp and would soon be nearly on top of them. Then, just as the group seemed to be closing its distance to a few dozen yards, the forest went silent. A few seconds passed before Sanz and Morgan heard a gentle hoo from a tree almost directly above them. They looked up and saw a perplexed adult chimp peering down.
When wild chimps encounter humans, they typically flee in panic—understandable given that the relationship between our two species has often been one of prey and predator. This reticence around humans is part of what makes wild chimp research so difficult. Before the animals can ever be studied, they must learn not to bolt at the sight of a person, a process of habituation that requires many years of diligently trailing the animals around the forest.
One thing unhabituated chimps aren't ever expected to do when they run into humans is call over all their buddies. But that's exactly what happened. Another chimp showed up a moment later. Then a third. Then a fourth. Manic yelping enveloped the canopy. Morgan and Sanz may have been the scientists, but it was the chimps who were behaving as if they'd made some great discovery. The party sat on limbs above the camp all evening, watching excitedly as a fire was started, tents were pitched, and dinner was prepared.
"I thought, This is what loggers must have seen all through central Africa, and poachers shot them all," says Morgan, 40, a conservation fellow with Lincoln Park Zoo and the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS). Morgan has spent the better part of the past ten years living with Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle study area, a pristine 147-square-mile nub of lowland forest overlapping the Ndoki and Goualougo Rivers in northern Republic of the Congo. He and Sanz were awed by the close encounter, but they began to wonder when it might end. It was getting dark. Where were the chimps going to nest?
...nastavak na:
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/ ... oer-text/2
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chengaba
- Posts: 1870
- Joined: 08/10/2003 00:00
#35 Re: PRIMATOLOGIJA
THIS cute chimp isn't just a primate - she is this baby tiger's BEST mate.
Loving Anjana cradles the white tiger cub after acting as surrogate mother to him and his twin brother.
And the two-year-old chimpanzee clearly isn't monkeying around, she has also raised LEOPARDS and LIONS.
The chimp took on the crucial surrogate role after the youngsters were separated from their mother.
White tigers can grow to nearly 660lbs and when they do, Anjana will no longer be just a cub sandwich - she could end up as a portion of chimps.
Loving Anjana cradles the white tiger cub after acting as surrogate mother to him and his twin brother.
And the two-year-old chimpanzee clearly isn't monkeying around, she has also raised LEOPARDS and LIONS.
The chimp took on the crucial surrogate role after the youngsters were separated from their mother.
White tigers can grow to nearly 660lbs and when they do, Anjana will no longer be just a cub sandwich - she could end up as a portion of chimps.
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vedrand
- Posts: 163
- Joined: 04/05/2007 15:19
#36 Re: PRIMATOLOGIJA
sahrana - strasno zanimljiva fotka
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morti
- Posts: 1594
- Joined: 23/03/2004 18:08
- Location: Republika Peyton
#37 Re: PRIMATOLOGIJA
Interesuje me odakle taj osjećaj blage jeze kada primjetimo "ljudsko" ponašanje kod ostalih životinja...
Je li tako duboko usađen taj osjećaj "posebnosti"?
Sjećam se kada sam po prvi put vidio kako bonobo ustaje, onako "ljudski" i hladno hoda, a za sobom vuče komad drveta kojim je nešto malo prije toga ili mlatio ili lomio ... Nisam mogao sebi doći 
A ova fotografija iznad... no comment.
Je li tako duboko usađen taj osjećaj "posebnosti"?
Sjećam se kada sam po prvi put vidio kako bonobo ustaje, onako "ljudski" i hladno hoda, a za sobom vuče komad drveta kojim je nešto malo prije toga ili mlatio ili lomio
... Nisam mogao sebi doći A ova fotografija iznad... no comment.
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NIN
- Posts: 6187
- Joined: 15/02/2006 20:18
- Location: Via Lactea, Orion Arm
#38 Re: PRIMATOLOGIJA
Ja sam se bukvalno najezio kada sam po prvi puta uzeo knjigu u kojoj je opisana teritorijalnost i to kako cimpanze necujno patroliraju duz granice sa susjednom grupom. Jednostavno nisam mogao vjerovati da postoji tolika slicnost sa nasom teritorijalnoscu - od unaprijed smisljenog necujnog patroliranja s ciljem ocuvanja svoje teritorije i resursa (divlje smokve, stabla banana, izvori vode, itd.) pa do sukoba, ako do istog dodje, gdje se vecina vojnika (svaka grupa ima svoje odabrane vojnike!) bori sa susjedima dok njih nekolicina trci nazad da upozore ostatak grupe. Nekada cak smisljeno idu u osvajanje tudje teritorije radi nedostatka resursa na svojoj gdje dolazi i do klasicnog zarobljavanja (do tada znano samo nama, ako zaboravimo na mrave) gdje se zarobljavaju zenke i odvode u pobjednicku grupu. Muzjaci se skoro pa nikada ne zarobljavaju jer bivaju ili pretuceni do iznemoglosti (kao poruka) ili ubijeni. Ono sto me je tada zaista prenerazilo je i to da kada krenu u sukob prethodno pripreme oruzje u obliku motki, kidajuci pogodne grane sa kojih pocupaju lisce, bas s namjerom da naprave, ne orudje, nego bas uruzje!morti wrote:Interesuje me odakle taj osjećaj blage jeze kada primjetimo "ljudsko" ponašanje kod ostalih životinja...
Je li tako duboko usađen taj osjećaj "posebnosti"?
Sjećam se kada sam po prvi put vidio kako bonobo ustaje, onako "ljudski" i hladno hoda, a za sobom vuče komad drveta kojim je nešto malo prije toga ili mlatio ili lomio
A ova fotografija iznad... no comment.
Nego, ticano za tvoje pitanje, mislim da je posrijedi ljudska ambivalentnost u odnosu sa prirodom koja je opet direktna posljedica nase sposobnosti ka apstraktnom. Kada smo stekli i razvili mogucnost apstraktne misli poceli smo da se pitamo o svom porijeklu i poceli smo uvidjati, a kasnije u znatnoj mjeri preuvelicavati razlike koje nas cine distinktnim u odnosu na svoju okolinu sto je vjerovatno imalo neke evolutivne znacajke. U isto vrijeme kada se pojavila teznja da se dosegnu odgovori o svom porijeklu desila se i duhovnost koju ce pratiti razliciti rituali koji ce se kasnije homogenizirati i objediniti u razlicite religijske institucije. I geneza same religije kao institucije je imala svoje evolutivne prednosti kod homogeniziranja grupa. Recimo, i cimpanze imaju svoje rituale koji su razliciti od grupe do grupe.
Problem lezi u percepciji nas samih i nasoj naucenoj iluzornoj posebnosti - bez obzira sto je nasa umisljena posebnost iluzorna ona je ipak imala svoje prednosti u socijalnoj, a samim tim i bioloskoj evoluciji covjeka kao vrste. Kada su se kolonijalisti prvi puta susreli sa visim primatima starog svijeta, tokom Viktorijanske ere, ljudi su bili zabezeknuti opisima cimpanzi. Kada su ih poceli donositi u London desavalo se da bi ljudi psovali, gadjali jadne majmune, proklinjali djavle, pa cak i padali u nesvijest (narocito zene) kada bi vidjeli cimpanzu iza resetaka. Glavni razlog ovog hira je bila bas ta toliko uocljiva slicnost sa nama samima koja je u mnogo cemu implicirala nase nize porijeklo. Tek ce kasnije Huxley, Darwin i ostali prenijeti svoja razmisljanja, eksperimente i zakljucke u svoja klasicna naucna djela. Takodjer treba dodati i to da sama implikacija nizeg porijekla proturijeci nasim mitovima koji su u mnogo cemu pilari socijalnog ustroja nase vrste pa otud i toliko potiskivanje, a mitovi su prisutni od kad je covjek stekao sposobnost apstraktnog razmisljanja, sto znaci prije nekih 200.000 godina.
Ima ovdje jos mnogo, mnogo toga za reci...