Evolucija
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marijindvorac
- Posts: 245
- Joined: 21/10/2006 18:40
#1202
Ih vala, i to su mi nekakvi dokazi. Jos ces spomenuti Galapagos, te Australiju a da ne govorimo o Tasmaniji.luciferino wrote:Zar rezistentnost bakterija na antibiotike nije uzrokovana mutiranjem plazmida? Zar to nije "pozitivna" mutacija za bakteriju?
"univerzalac" je u pravu: sve dok se njemu licno nesto ne dokaze (u prevodu: sto bi on HTIO da prihvati), neJma nista od te vase revolucije....evolusije......
Cinjenica ostaje da je najpprije neko ili nekakav doso u nepostojece. Znaci bilo je najprije nista i iz tog nista i nicega ON ko je bio nista/nesto je stvorio nesto.
Tebi je to izgleda komplikovano?!? Budibogsnama.
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luciferino
- Posts: 1960
- Joined: 18/08/2005 17:54
#1204
@univerzalac
Ja tih rekoh da je u evoluciji sve relativno i da je teško govoriti o pozitivnom i negativnom. Čovjek je taj koji određuje da li je nešto pozitivno ili negativno. Priroda takvu odredbu ne poznaje.
Dalje...bakterije...
Zna se tačno kako bakterije razvijaju rezistenciju. To zaista nije neka velika nepoznanica.
"Inherent (Natural) Resistance Bacteria may be inherently resistant to an antibiotic. For example, a streptomycete has some gene that is responsible for resistance to its own antibiotic; or a Gram-negative bacterium has an outer membrane that establishes a permeability barrier against the antibiotic; or an organism lacks a transport system for the antibiotic; or it lacks the target or reaction that is hit by the antibiotic.
Acquired Resistance Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics, e.g. bacterial populations previously-sensitive to antibiotics become resistant. This type of resistance results from changes in the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance is driven by two genetic processes in bacteria: (1) mutation and selection (sometimes referred to as vertical evolution); (2) exchange of genes between strains and species (sometimes called horizontal evolution).
Vertical evolution is strictly a matter of Darwinian evolution driven by principles of natural selection: a spontaneous mutation in the bacterial chromosome imparts resistance to a member of the bacterial population. In the selective environment of the antibiotic, the wild type (non mutants) are killed and the resistant mutant is allowed to grow and flourish. The mutation rate for most bacterial genes is approximately 10-8. This means that if a bacterial population doubles from 108 cells to 2 x 108 cells, there is likely to be a mutant present for any given gene. Since bacteria grow to reach population densities far in excess of 109 cells, such a mutant could develop from a single generation during 15 minutes of growth.
Horizontal evolution is the acquisition of genes for resistance from another organism. For example, a streptomycete has a gene for resistance to streptomycin (its own antibiotic), but somehow that gene escapes and gets into E. coli or Shigella. Or, more likely, Some bacterium develops genetic resistance through the process of mutation and selection and then donates these genes to some other bacterium through one of several processes for genetic exchange that exist in bacteria.
Bacteria are able to exchange genes in nature by three processes: conjugation, transduction and transformation. Conjugation involves cell-to-cell contact as DNA crosses a sex pilus from donor to recipient. During transduction, a virus transfers the genes between mating bacteria. In transformation, DNA is acquired directly from the environment, having been released from another cell. Genetic recombination can follow the transfer of DNA from one cell to another leading to the emergence of a new genotype (recombinant). It is common for DNA to be transferred as plasmids between mating bacteria. Since bacteria usually develop their genes for drug resistance on plasmids (called resistance transfer factors, or RTFs), they are able to spread drug resistance to other strains and species during genetic exchange processes.
The combined effects of fast growth rates, high concentrations of cells, genetic processes of mutation and selection, and the ability to exchange genes, account for the extraordinary rates of adaptation and evolution that can be observed in the bacteria. For these reasons bacterial adaptation (resistance) to the antibiotic environment seems to take place very rapidly in evolutionary time: bacteria evolve fast!"
http://lecturer.ukdw.ac.id/dhira/Contro ... tance.html
Ja tih rekoh da je u evoluciji sve relativno i da je teško govoriti o pozitivnom i negativnom. Čovjek je taj koji određuje da li je nešto pozitivno ili negativno. Priroda takvu odredbu ne poznaje.
Dalje...bakterije...
Zna se tačno kako bakterije razvijaju rezistenciju. To zaista nije neka velika nepoznanica.
"Inherent (Natural) Resistance Bacteria may be inherently resistant to an antibiotic. For example, a streptomycete has some gene that is responsible for resistance to its own antibiotic; or a Gram-negative bacterium has an outer membrane that establishes a permeability barrier against the antibiotic; or an organism lacks a transport system for the antibiotic; or it lacks the target or reaction that is hit by the antibiotic.
Acquired Resistance Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics, e.g. bacterial populations previously-sensitive to antibiotics become resistant. This type of resistance results from changes in the bacterial genome. Acquired resistance is driven by two genetic processes in bacteria: (1) mutation and selection (sometimes referred to as vertical evolution); (2) exchange of genes between strains and species (sometimes called horizontal evolution).
Vertical evolution is strictly a matter of Darwinian evolution driven by principles of natural selection: a spontaneous mutation in the bacterial chromosome imparts resistance to a member of the bacterial population. In the selective environment of the antibiotic, the wild type (non mutants) are killed and the resistant mutant is allowed to grow and flourish. The mutation rate for most bacterial genes is approximately 10-8. This means that if a bacterial population doubles from 108 cells to 2 x 108 cells, there is likely to be a mutant present for any given gene. Since bacteria grow to reach population densities far in excess of 109 cells, such a mutant could develop from a single generation during 15 minutes of growth.
Horizontal evolution is the acquisition of genes for resistance from another organism. For example, a streptomycete has a gene for resistance to streptomycin (its own antibiotic), but somehow that gene escapes and gets into E. coli or Shigella. Or, more likely, Some bacterium develops genetic resistance through the process of mutation and selection and then donates these genes to some other bacterium through one of several processes for genetic exchange that exist in bacteria.
Bacteria are able to exchange genes in nature by three processes: conjugation, transduction and transformation. Conjugation involves cell-to-cell contact as DNA crosses a sex pilus from donor to recipient. During transduction, a virus transfers the genes between mating bacteria. In transformation, DNA is acquired directly from the environment, having been released from another cell. Genetic recombination can follow the transfer of DNA from one cell to another leading to the emergence of a new genotype (recombinant). It is common for DNA to be transferred as plasmids between mating bacteria. Since bacteria usually develop their genes for drug resistance on plasmids (called resistance transfer factors, or RTFs), they are able to spread drug resistance to other strains and species during genetic exchange processes.
The combined effects of fast growth rates, high concentrations of cells, genetic processes of mutation and selection, and the ability to exchange genes, account for the extraordinary rates of adaptation and evolution that can be observed in the bacteria. For these reasons bacterial adaptation (resistance) to the antibiotic environment seems to take place very rapidly in evolutionary time: bacteria evolve fast!"
http://lecturer.ukdw.ac.id/dhira/Contro ... tance.html
- univerzalac
- Posts: 266
- Joined: 27/06/2007 18:00
- Location: Nedođija
#1205
Pa šta je sa BIG BANGOM...sa teorijom nastanka kosmosa...kako je on nastao...zar nije iz ničega???
Veći umovi od mene nisu baš tako hajdučki koračali Zemljom...
Ali eto mnogima je logično da su "marijindvorac, amrino, luciferino = Adolf Hitler
normalno nakon smrti...
Veći umovi od mene nisu baš tako hajdučki koračali Zemljom...
Ali eto mnogima je logično da su "marijindvorac, amrino, luciferino = Adolf Hitler
normalno nakon smrti...
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luciferino
- Posts: 1960
- Joined: 18/08/2005 17:54
#1206
Opet ti marijindvorac...neću ti se pokajati, jesi li me čuomarijindvorac wrote:Ih vala, i to su mi nekakvi dokazi. Jos ces spomenuti Galapagos, te Australiju a da ne govorimo o Tasmaniji.luciferino wrote:Zar rezistentnost bakterija na antibiotike nije uzrokovana mutiranjem plazmida? Zar to nije "pozitivna" mutacija za bakteriju?
"univerzalac" je u pravu: sve dok se njemu licno nesto ne dokaze (u prevodu: sto bi on HTIO da prihvati), neJma nista od te vase revolucije....evolusije......
Cinjenica ostaje da je najpprije neko ili nekakav doso u nepostojece. Znaci bilo je najprije nista i iz tog nista i nicega ON ko je bio nista/nesto je stvorio nesto.
Tebi je to izgleda komplikovano?!? Budibogsnama.
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luciferino
- Posts: 1960
- Joined: 18/08/2005 17:54
#1209
E vala i ti skačeš...sad odjednom big bang...čekaj da prvo istražim, pa ti se onda javim...nisam ti ja ovdje sveznajući...pitaj malo Njega.univerzalac wrote:Pa šta je sa BIG BANGOM...sa teorijom nastanka kosmosa...kako je on nastao...zar nije iz ničega???
Veći umovi od mene nisu baš tako hajdučki koračali Zemljom...
Ali eto mnogima je logično da su "marijindvorac, amrino, luciferino = Adolf Hitler
normalno nakon smrti...
I haj što oćeš mene u pakao s Fidom, ali što bolan Amrino? Šta ti ona učini?
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luciferino
- Posts: 1960
- Joined: 18/08/2005 17:54
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marijindvorac
- Posts: 245
- Joined: 21/10/2006 18:40
#1211
Big Bang nastao iz nicega?!? To prvi puta cujem ali posto tvoja raja zna bolje, valja vjerovati.univerzalac wrote:Pa šta je sa BIG BANGOM...sa teorijom nastanka kosmosa...kako je on nastao...zar nije iz ničega???
- univerzalac
- Posts: 266
- Joined: 27/06/2007 18:00
- Location: Nedođija
#1212
Pa eto malo se bolje raspitaj...marijindvorac wrote:Big Bang nastao iz nicega?!? To prvi puta cujem ali posto tvoja raja zna bolje, valja vjerovati.univerzalac wrote:Pa šta je sa BIG BANGOM...sa teorijom nastanka kosmosa...kako je on nastao...zar nije iz ničega???
- univerzalac
- Posts: 266
- Joined: 27/06/2007 18:00
- Location: Nedođija
#1213
Heh neću ja nikoga nigdje...samo predlažem da se opreznije korača...bez manijaštva jer to historijski pokazuje da vodi u AMBIS!!!luciferino wrote:E vala i ti skačeš...sad odjednom big bang...čekaj da prvo istražim, pa ti se onda javim...nisam ti ja ovdje sveznajući...pitaj malo Njega.univerzalac wrote:Pa šta je sa BIG BANGOM...sa teorijom nastanka kosmosa...kako je on nastao...zar nije iz ničega???
Veći umovi od mene nisu baš tako hajdučki koračali Zemljom...
Ali eto mnogima je logično da su "marijindvorac, amrino, luciferino = Adolf Hitler
normalno nakon smrti...
I haj što oćeš mene u pakao s Fidom, ali što bolan Amrino? Šta ti ona učini?
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luciferino
- Posts: 1960
- Joined: 18/08/2005 17:54
#1214
A gdje si ti ovdje vidio manijaštvo? Kakav crni ambis?univerzalac wrote:Heh neću ja nikoga nigdje...samo predlažem da se opreznije korača...bez manijaštva jer to historijski pokazuje da vodi u AMBIS!!!luciferino wrote:E vala i ti skačeš...sad odjednom big bang...čekaj da prvo istražim, pa ti se onda javim...nisam ti ja ovdje sveznajući...pitaj malo Njega.univerzalac wrote:Pa šta je sa BIG BANGOM...sa teorijom nastanka kosmosa...kako je on nastao...zar nije iz ničega???
Veći umovi od mene nisu baš tako hajdučki koračali Zemljom...
Ali eto mnogima je logično da su "marijindvorac, amrino, luciferino = Adolf Hitler
normalno nakon smrti...
I haj što oćeš mene u pakao s Fidom, ali što bolan Amrino? Šta ti ona učini?
Što se Fide tiče, on je zloupotrijebio određene ideje kako bi postigao ono što želi. Uostalom svaka misao se može izokrenuti, a nije on ni prvi ni posljednji.
A što se big banga tiče...Pa i sami kreacionisti tvrde da je Bog stvorio svemir iz ničega
Loodilo
- univerzalac
- Posts: 266
- Joined: 27/06/2007 18:00
- Location: Nedođija
#1215
Otišli smo daleko...skrenuli s teme...a ona glasi EVOLUCIJA!!! 
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luciferino
- Posts: 1960
- Joined: 18/08/2005 17:54
#1216
univerzalac wrote:Otišli smo daleko...skrenuli s teme...a ona glasi EVOLUCIJA!!!
- univerzalac
- Posts: 266
- Joined: 27/06/2007 18:00
- Location: Nedođija
#1217
Po mom mišljenju pozitivne mutacije ne postoje...pitao sam čak i genetičare...mnogi ih spominju a nidgje adekvatnog primjera "čiste pozitivne mutacije"!!! 
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luciferino
- Posts: 1960
- Joined: 18/08/2005 17:54
#1218
http://www.tiac.net/~cri/1996/mutate.html#Q2
Q: Are there favorable mutations?
A: There are, but it can be hard to tell.
For a number of reasons it is not simple to give examples of favorable mutations. First of all, as we have seen, traits [6] may be favorable or unfavorable, depending upon the environment. Secondly it is not usually known to what extent a trait is genetically fixed and to what extent it reflects a reaction to the environment. Thirdly we don't usually know what genes effect which traits. Moreover a mutation may be favorable in the sense that it permits survival in an unfavorable environment and yet be unfavorable in a better environment.
However there are a number of good examples:
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria:
In modern times antibiotics, drugs that target specific features of bacteria, have become very popular. Bacteria evolve very quickly so it is not surprising that they have evolved resistance to antibiotics. As a general thing this involves changing the features that antibiotics target.
Commonly, but not always, these mutations decrease the fitness of the bacteria, i.e., in environments where there are not antibiotics present, they don't reproduce as quickly as bacteria without the mutation. This is not always true; some of these mutations do not involve any loss of fitness. What is more, there are often secondary mutations that restore fitness.
Bacteria are easy to study. This is an advantage in evolutionary studies because we can see evolution happening in the laboratory. There is a standard experiment in which the experimenter begins with a single bacterium and lets it reproduce in a controlled environment. Since bacteria reproduce asexually all of its descendents are clones. Since reproduction is not perfect mutations happen. The experimenter can set the environment so that mutations for a particular attribute are selected. The experimenter knows both that the mutation was not present originally and, hence, when it occurred.
In the wild it is usually impossible to determine when a mutation occurred. Usually all we know (and often we do not even know that) is the current distribution of particular traits.
The situation with insects and pesticides is similar to that of bacteria and antibiotics. Pesticides are widely used to kill insects. In turn the insects quickly evolve in ways to become immune to the pesticides.
Bacteria that eat Nylon:
Well, no, they don't actually eat nylon; they eat short molecules (nylon oligomers) found in the waste waters of plants that produce nylon. They metabolize short nylon oligomers, breaking the nylon linkages with a couple of related enzymes. Since the bonds involved aren't found in natural products, the enzymes must have arisen since the time nylon was invented (around the 1940s). It would appear this happened by new mutations in that time period.
These enzymes which break down the nylon oligomers appear to have arisen by frameshift mutation from some other gene which codes for a functionally unrelated enzyme. This adaptation has been experimentally duplicated. In the experiments, non-nylon-metabolizing strains of Pseudomonas were grown in media with nylon oligomers available as the primary food source. Within a relatively small number of generations, they developed these enzyme activities. This would appear to be an example of documented occurrence of beneficial mutations in the lab.
Sickle cell resistance to malaria:
The sickle cell allele causes the normally round blood cell to have a sickle shape. The effect of this allele depends on whether a person has one or two copies of the allele. It is generally fatal if a person has two copies. If they have one they have sickle shaped blood cells.
In general this is an undesirable mutation because the sickle cells are less efficient than normal cells. In areas where malaria is prevalent it turns out to be favorable because people with sickle shaped blood cells are less likely to get malaria from mosquitoes.
This is an example where a mutation decreases the normal efficiency of the body (its fitness in one sense) but none-the-less provides a relative advantage.
Lactose tolerance:
Lactose intolerance in adult mammals has a clear evolutionary explanation; the onset of lactose intolerance makes it easy to wean the young. Human beings, however, have taken up the habit of eating milk products. This is not universal; it is something that originated in cultures that kept cattle and goats. In these cultures lactose tolerance had a strong selective value. In the modern world there is a strong correlation between lactose tolerance and having ancestors who lived in cultures that exploited milk as a food.
It should be understood that it was a matter of chance that the lactose tolerance mutation appeared in a group where it was advantageous. It might have been established first by genetic drift within a group which then discovered that they could use milk. [9]
Resistance to atherosclerosis:
Atherosclerosis is principally a disease of the modern age, one produced by modern diets and modern life-styles. There is a community in Italy near Milan (see Appendices II and III for biological details) whose residents don't get atherosclerosis because of a fortunate mutation in one of their forebearers. This mutation is particularly interesting because the person (Giovanni Pomaroli, born 1780 in Limone sul Garda, Italy) who had the original mutation has been identified.
Note that this is a mutation that is favorable in modern times because (a) people live longer and (b) people have diets and life-styles that are not like those of our ancestors. In prehistoric times this might not have been a favorable mutation. Even today we cannot be certain that this mutation is reproductively favorable, i.e., that people with this mutation will have more than the average number of descendents. It is clear, however, that the mutation is personally advantageous to the individuals having it.
Immunity to HIV:
HIV infects a number of cell types including T-lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neurons. AIDS occurs when lymphocytes, particularly CD4+ T cells are killed off, leaving the patient unable to fight off opportunistic infections. The HIV virus has to attach to molecules that are expressed on the surface of the T-cells. One of these molecules is called CD4 (or CD4 receptor); another is C-C chemokine receptor 5, known variously as CCR5, CCCKR5 and CKR5. Some people carry a mutant allele of the CCR5 gene that results in lack of expression of this protein on the surface of T-cells. Homozygous individuals are resistant to HIV infection and AIDS. The frequency of the mutant allele is quite high in some populations that have never been exposed to AIDS so it seems likely that there was prior selection for this allele. (See Appendix IV)
For a description of the recent literature consult the OMIM site for CCR5.
P.S.
Ako mi definišeš šta to u prirodi znači čista pozitivna mutacija, kupim ti čokoladu.
Q: Are there favorable mutations?
A: There are, but it can be hard to tell.
For a number of reasons it is not simple to give examples of favorable mutations. First of all, as we have seen, traits [6] may be favorable or unfavorable, depending upon the environment. Secondly it is not usually known to what extent a trait is genetically fixed and to what extent it reflects a reaction to the environment. Thirdly we don't usually know what genes effect which traits. Moreover a mutation may be favorable in the sense that it permits survival in an unfavorable environment and yet be unfavorable in a better environment.
However there are a number of good examples:
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria:
In modern times antibiotics, drugs that target specific features of bacteria, have become very popular. Bacteria evolve very quickly so it is not surprising that they have evolved resistance to antibiotics. As a general thing this involves changing the features that antibiotics target.
Commonly, but not always, these mutations decrease the fitness of the bacteria, i.e., in environments where there are not antibiotics present, they don't reproduce as quickly as bacteria without the mutation. This is not always true; some of these mutations do not involve any loss of fitness. What is more, there are often secondary mutations that restore fitness.
Bacteria are easy to study. This is an advantage in evolutionary studies because we can see evolution happening in the laboratory. There is a standard experiment in which the experimenter begins with a single bacterium and lets it reproduce in a controlled environment. Since bacteria reproduce asexually all of its descendents are clones. Since reproduction is not perfect mutations happen. The experimenter can set the environment so that mutations for a particular attribute are selected. The experimenter knows both that the mutation was not present originally and, hence, when it occurred.
In the wild it is usually impossible to determine when a mutation occurred. Usually all we know (and often we do not even know that) is the current distribution of particular traits.
The situation with insects and pesticides is similar to that of bacteria and antibiotics. Pesticides are widely used to kill insects. In turn the insects quickly evolve in ways to become immune to the pesticides.
Bacteria that eat Nylon:
Well, no, they don't actually eat nylon; they eat short molecules (nylon oligomers) found in the waste waters of plants that produce nylon. They metabolize short nylon oligomers, breaking the nylon linkages with a couple of related enzymes. Since the bonds involved aren't found in natural products, the enzymes must have arisen since the time nylon was invented (around the 1940s). It would appear this happened by new mutations in that time period.
These enzymes which break down the nylon oligomers appear to have arisen by frameshift mutation from some other gene which codes for a functionally unrelated enzyme. This adaptation has been experimentally duplicated. In the experiments, non-nylon-metabolizing strains of Pseudomonas were grown in media with nylon oligomers available as the primary food source. Within a relatively small number of generations, they developed these enzyme activities. This would appear to be an example of documented occurrence of beneficial mutations in the lab.
Sickle cell resistance to malaria:
The sickle cell allele causes the normally round blood cell to have a sickle shape. The effect of this allele depends on whether a person has one or two copies of the allele. It is generally fatal if a person has two copies. If they have one they have sickle shaped blood cells.
In general this is an undesirable mutation because the sickle cells are less efficient than normal cells. In areas where malaria is prevalent it turns out to be favorable because people with sickle shaped blood cells are less likely to get malaria from mosquitoes.
This is an example where a mutation decreases the normal efficiency of the body (its fitness in one sense) but none-the-less provides a relative advantage.
Lactose tolerance:
Lactose intolerance in adult mammals has a clear evolutionary explanation; the onset of lactose intolerance makes it easy to wean the young. Human beings, however, have taken up the habit of eating milk products. This is not universal; it is something that originated in cultures that kept cattle and goats. In these cultures lactose tolerance had a strong selective value. In the modern world there is a strong correlation between lactose tolerance and having ancestors who lived in cultures that exploited milk as a food.
It should be understood that it was a matter of chance that the lactose tolerance mutation appeared in a group where it was advantageous. It might have been established first by genetic drift within a group which then discovered that they could use milk. [9]
Resistance to atherosclerosis:
Atherosclerosis is principally a disease of the modern age, one produced by modern diets and modern life-styles. There is a community in Italy near Milan (see Appendices II and III for biological details) whose residents don't get atherosclerosis because of a fortunate mutation in one of their forebearers. This mutation is particularly interesting because the person (Giovanni Pomaroli, born 1780 in Limone sul Garda, Italy) who had the original mutation has been identified.
Note that this is a mutation that is favorable in modern times because (a) people live longer and (b) people have diets and life-styles that are not like those of our ancestors. In prehistoric times this might not have been a favorable mutation. Even today we cannot be certain that this mutation is reproductively favorable, i.e., that people with this mutation will have more than the average number of descendents. It is clear, however, that the mutation is personally advantageous to the individuals having it.
Immunity to HIV:
HIV infects a number of cell types including T-lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and neurons. AIDS occurs when lymphocytes, particularly CD4+ T cells are killed off, leaving the patient unable to fight off opportunistic infections. The HIV virus has to attach to molecules that are expressed on the surface of the T-cells. One of these molecules is called CD4 (or CD4 receptor); another is C-C chemokine receptor 5, known variously as CCR5, CCCKR5 and CKR5. Some people carry a mutant allele of the CCR5 gene that results in lack of expression of this protein on the surface of T-cells. Homozygous individuals are resistant to HIV infection and AIDS. The frequency of the mutant allele is quite high in some populations that have never been exposed to AIDS so it seems likely that there was prior selection for this allele. (See Appendix IV)
For a description of the recent literature consult the OMIM site for CCR5.
P.S.
Ako mi definišeš šta to u prirodi znači čista pozitivna mutacija, kupim ti čokoladu.
- univerzalac
- Posts: 266
- Joined: 27/06/2007 18:00
- Location: Nedođija
#1219
Čista pozitivna mutacija = mutacija bilo koje vrste koja poboljšava biotičke sisteme, tako da se sve promjene mogu uočiti...ali te genetičke promjene nesmiju biti štetne za organizam...već potpuno pozitivne i korisne za jedinku koja bi bila jak dokaz za teoriju EVOLUCIJE, ovako ništa sve biva čista predpostavka određenih krugova ljudi!!!
Haj sad juriš po Googlu...možda se nešto i nađe!?!
PS. E sad je red na čokoladu...
Haj sad juriš po Googlu...možda se nešto i nađe!?!
PS. E sad je red na čokoladu...
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luciferino
- Posts: 1960
- Joined: 18/08/2005 17:54
#1220
Morash na chokoladu josh malkice pricekatiuniverzalac wrote:Čista pozitivna mutacija = mutacija bilo koje vrste koja poboljšava biotičke sisteme, tako da se sve promjene mogu uočiti...ali te genetičke promjene nesmiju biti štetne za organizam...već potpuno pozitivne i korisne za jedinku koja bi bila jak dokaz za teoriju EVOLUCIJE, ovako ništa sve biva čista predpostavka određenih krugova ljudi!!!
Haj sad juriš po Googlu...možda se nešto i nađe!?!
PS. E sad je red na čokoladu...
E da je sreće pa da ti malo proguglaš mjesto mene. Već imam duuuugačku listu kreacionističkih argumenata, a mutacije koje spominješ su samo jedan od mnogih. Bakterije mutiraju (to je činjenica koju možeš zaobilaziti koliko ti volja) i postaju rezistentne na lijekove. Dalje, nemoj zaboraviti na sredinu koja igra ogromnu ulogu u tome da li se neka mutacija može okarekterisati kao pozitivna ili negativna. Jednostavnije rečeno, mutacija koja može biti štetna u jednoj sredini, u drugoj se može pokazati vrlo korisnom. Osim ekstremnih slučajeva kada mutacije unište embrion ili uzrokuju preranu smrt, ne postoji objektivno mjerilo štetnosti ili koristi neke mutacije. A ako još dodamo milione i milione godina razvoja živih bića, evolucija se čini prilično vjerovatnom.
- univerzalac
- Posts: 266
- Joined: 27/06/2007 18:00
- Location: Nedođija
#1221
Pa slažem se da mutiraju...sredina ih pritiska...isto kao i mene i tebe...sto nas pritiska na sve strane, svaki dan se mijenjamo (npr. povećavamo svoje znanje, svakim danom sebe bolje kontamo i nekad nemožemo vjerovati da smo uradili nešto za šta smo mislili da ni u snu nismo mogli uraditi itd...ali ćemo zauvjek ostati ljudi, tako smo šifrirani, druge nam nema...osim ako Tvorac svega što vidimo i nevidimo ne bude htio drugačije);
Meni je potpuno jasno da živi svijet na neki nači evoluira, kao i neživi svijet koji je oko nas...ali ne na takav način da prelazi u drugu podvrstu ili vrstu...ali eto ako neki ljudi žele da se povode za predpostavkama u vezi svega, pa i u vezi ove teorije...onda ok, svako ima svoju slobodu...ali je činjenica da je mnogi dobro ne iskorištavaju!!!
Meni je potpuno jasno da živi svijet na neki nači evoluira, kao i neživi svijet koji je oko nas...ali ne na takav način da prelazi u drugu podvrstu ili vrstu...ali eto ako neki ljudi žele da se povode za predpostavkama u vezi svega, pa i u vezi ove teorije...onda ok, svako ima svoju slobodu...ali je činjenica da je mnogi dobro ne iskorištavaju!!!
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walkabout
- Posts: 7869
- Joined: 19/05/2007 00:46
#1222
Mislim da ovdje treba razlikovati mutaciju od prirodne selekcije (sto se ovdje u diskusiji mijesa).
Mutacija je prvenstveno poremecaj koji se desi prilikom formiranja DNK (tj genteskog koda) novog zivog bica tj zaceca usljed nesavrsenosti samog procesa ( neki molekuli DNK se “preskoce”, promijene raspored/redoslijed,…). Ovo rezultira, u vecini slucajeva, negativnim posljedicama (cesto uzrokuje i smrt prije ili neposredno poslije rodjenja). U rijetkim slucajevima, ove mutacije su pozitivne, tj doprinose izgledima da jedinka bolje podnese uslove okoline u kojoj se nadje i poboslja njene sanse da bas ona utisne svoje gene u buduce generacije.
Svi znamo da se svaka vrsta sastoji od skoro identicnih jedinki – koje se ipak malo razlikuju jedna od druge. To je ta poluga za prirodnu selekciju. Prirodna selekcija je jednostavno favoriziranje onih jedinke koje, zbog svojih licnih karakteristika, bolje podnose uslove okoline u kojoj se nalaze skupa sa ostalim pripadnicima iste vrste.
Pod uslovima okoline ovdje se misli na predatore tj prisustvo drugih vrsta koje ih jedu/ubijaju, klimatske uslove ( temperatura, izolacija, velicina prostora u kojem se nalaze, itd), kolicina hrane i vode itd.
Jos nesto bih dodao kao nesto sto je vrlo vazno i sto treba imati u vidu. To je sposobnost prilagodjavanja vrste na, kako postepene tako i nagle promjene uslova okoline u kojoj zive. Cesto se desavalo (a taj process, naravno, jos uvijek traje) da je brzina promjene uslova okoline veca od brzine prilagodjavanja vrste novonastalim uslovima sto, na zalost, rezultira izumiranjem vrste.
PS. Za Big-Bang - kada je primijeceno da se galaksije udaljavaju jedna od druge strahovitom brzinom tj. svemir siri a sudeci po pravcu prostiranja galaksija da sve upucuje na jedno mjesto "nastanka", formirala se ova teorija.
Sad, da je ovo nastalo od nicega, to ne pije vode (bar meni). Usudio bih se ovdje da napravim jednu cistu spekulaciju u vezi Big-Banga. Naime po vazecim zakonima, materija i energija su ekvivalenti (znate ono E=mc2), znaci samo dva oblika istoga. Da li bi BigBang mogao biti momenat (ovdje podrazumijevam da je jedino vrijeme bezgranicno) kada je to "isto" citavo bilo samo u obliku energije pa se od tog momenta pretvara u materiju sve dok se ne postigne stepen kada je sve materija. Pa onda opet natrag. U nedogled? A izmedju ova dva stanja - mi?
Mutacija je prvenstveno poremecaj koji se desi prilikom formiranja DNK (tj genteskog koda) novog zivog bica tj zaceca usljed nesavrsenosti samog procesa ( neki molekuli DNK se “preskoce”, promijene raspored/redoslijed,…). Ovo rezultira, u vecini slucajeva, negativnim posljedicama (cesto uzrokuje i smrt prije ili neposredno poslije rodjenja). U rijetkim slucajevima, ove mutacije su pozitivne, tj doprinose izgledima da jedinka bolje podnese uslove okoline u kojoj se nadje i poboslja njene sanse da bas ona utisne svoje gene u buduce generacije.
Svi znamo da se svaka vrsta sastoji od skoro identicnih jedinki – koje se ipak malo razlikuju jedna od druge. To je ta poluga za prirodnu selekciju. Prirodna selekcija je jednostavno favoriziranje onih jedinke koje, zbog svojih licnih karakteristika, bolje podnose uslove okoline u kojoj se nalaze skupa sa ostalim pripadnicima iste vrste.
Pod uslovima okoline ovdje se misli na predatore tj prisustvo drugih vrsta koje ih jedu/ubijaju, klimatske uslove ( temperatura, izolacija, velicina prostora u kojem se nalaze, itd), kolicina hrane i vode itd.
Jos nesto bih dodao kao nesto sto je vrlo vazno i sto treba imati u vidu. To je sposobnost prilagodjavanja vrste na, kako postepene tako i nagle promjene uslova okoline u kojoj zive. Cesto se desavalo (a taj process, naravno, jos uvijek traje) da je brzina promjene uslova okoline veca od brzine prilagodjavanja vrste novonastalim uslovima sto, na zalost, rezultira izumiranjem vrste.
PS. Za Big-Bang - kada je primijeceno da se galaksije udaljavaju jedna od druge strahovitom brzinom tj. svemir siri a sudeci po pravcu prostiranja galaksija da sve upucuje na jedno mjesto "nastanka", formirala se ova teorija.
Sad, da je ovo nastalo od nicega, to ne pije vode (bar meni). Usudio bih se ovdje da napravim jednu cistu spekulaciju u vezi Big-Banga. Naime po vazecim zakonima, materija i energija su ekvivalenti (znate ono E=mc2), znaci samo dva oblika istoga. Da li bi BigBang mogao biti momenat (ovdje podrazumijevam da je jedino vrijeme bezgranicno) kada je to "isto" citavo bilo samo u obliku energije pa se od tog momenta pretvara u materiju sve dok se ne postigne stepen kada je sve materija. Pa onda opet natrag. U nedogled? A izmedju ova dva stanja - mi?
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Sogan
- Posts: 1421
- Joined: 29/10/2006 02:46
- Location: Centar za socijalnu skrb Kraljevine Svedske
#1223
Uplasi me sjaj,walkabout wrote: PS. Za Big-Bang - kada je primijeceno da se galaksije udaljavaju jedna od druge strahovitom brzinom tj. svemir siri a sudeci po pravcu prostiranja galaksija da sve upucuje na jedno mjesto "nastanka", formirala se ova teorija.
Sad, da je ovo nastalo od nicega, to ne pije vode (bar meni). Usudio bih se ovdje da napravim jednu cistu spekulaciju u vezi Big-Banga. Naime po vazecim zakonima, materija i energija su ekvivalenti (znate ono E=mc2), znaci samo dva oblika istoga. Da li bi BigBang mogao biti momenat (ovdje podrazumijevam da je jedino vrijeme bezgranicno) kada je to "isto" citavo bilo samo u obliku energije pa se od tog momenta pretvara u materiju sve dok se ne postigne stepen kada je sve materija. Pa onda opet natrag. U nedogled? A izmedju ova dva stanja - mi?
milion sveca kad se nebom popali
gde je tome kraj
za kog su tako dubok zdenac kopali
zasto se sve to desava
da l' covek ista resava
il' smo samo tu
zbog ravnoteze medju zvezdama
Dj. Balasevic
E sad moj savjet svima vama: bolje se nacugati i upasti u melanholiju slusajuci Balasevica nego beskonacno diskutovati na ovakve teme
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walkabout
- Posts: 7869
- Joined: 19/05/2007 00:46
#1224
Bjezanje iz stvarnosti je dobro, odlicno osim momenta kada se treba u nju vratiti.Sogan wrote:Uplasi me sjaj,walkabout wrote: PS. Za Big-Bang - kada je primijeceno da se galaksije udaljavaju jedna od druge strahovitom brzinom tj. svemir siri a sudeci po pravcu prostiranja galaksija da sve upucuje na jedno mjesto "nastanka", formirala se ova teorija.
Sad, da je ovo nastalo od nicega, to ne pije vode (bar meni). Usudio bih se ovdje da napravim jednu cistu spekulaciju u vezi Big-Banga. Naime po vazecim zakonima, materija i energija su ekvivalenti (znate ono E=mc2), znaci samo dva oblika istoga. Da li bi BigBang mogao biti momenat (ovdje podrazumijevam da je jedino vrijeme bezgranicno) kada je to "isto" citavo bilo samo u obliku energije pa se od tog momenta pretvara u materiju sve dok se ne postigne stepen kada je sve materija. Pa onda opet natrag. U nedogled? A izmedju ova dva stanja - mi?
milion sveca kad se nebom popali
gde je tome kraj
za kog su tako dubok zdenac kopali
zasto se sve to desava
da l' covek ista resava
il' smo samo tu
zbog ravnoteze medju zvezdama
Dj. Balasevic
E sad moj savjet svima vama: bolje se nacugati i upasti u melanholiju slusajuci Balasevica nego beskonacno diskutovati na ovakve teme
Iliti:
Kakva je brzina prilagodjavanja na promjene za (nas) Homo Dijasporituse (tema je Evolucija, zar ne)?

