Hvala.Jessie B wrote:U Tuzli ima u Plavoj poliklinici u Slavinovicima sigurno jer znam da je kolegica radila tamo.
Sorry na zachatavanju teme.
Ginekologija - sve o tome
Moderator: anex
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nebojeplavo
- Posts: 5958
- Joined: 29/09/2005 12:40
- Location: na sedmom nebu :D
#26
Sorry na zachatavanju teme.
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anais_nin
- Posts: 21856
- Joined: 06/07/2005 09:35
- Location: Mostar u srcu, guza u Torontu
#28
kad je zdravlje u pitanju sve je dozvoljenonebojeplavo wrote:Hvala.Jessie B wrote:U Tuzli ima u Plavoj poliklinici u Slavinovicima sigurno jer znam da je kolegica radila tamo.
Sorry na zachatavanju teme.
tema i jeste osmisljena tako....dozvoljena pitanja, upiti, savjeti, razmjene iskustava i informacija o ginekolozima
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mamica papucarka
- Posts: 8025
- Joined: 31/10/2004 16:03
- Location: negdje
#29
pa, kako sam rdoila dvoje djece u dvije godine, ginekolog mi je postao najbolji jaran 
Prvo kad me vidi pita :"Pa sta je sad opet"
Inace, idem jednom godisnje
Prvo kad me vidi pita :"Pa sta je sad opet"
Inace, idem jednom godisnje
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anais_nin
- Posts: 21856
- Joined: 06/07/2005 09:35
- Location: Mostar u srcu, guza u Torontu
#33
11 Things You Should Know About HPV
By Lisa Zamosky, Special to LifeScript
Wednesday, November 28, 2007
Chances are you’ve heard of the human papilloma virus (HPV) and certainly want to steer clear of the infection, but how much do you really know about this sexually transmitted disease? It can be difficult to extract the basics from the steady stream of medical updates. But relying on a vague understanding of HPV can put your health at risk. Get informed and learn how to keep yourself healthy as LifeScript clarifies the facts of the HPV matter…
HPV is highly contagious, no doubt contributing to its status as the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world. If you’re sexually active, you have good reason to be aware of the virus, how it is contracted and the impact it can have on long-term health.
LifeScript spoke with Christine Miller, M.D., associate clinical professor of reproductive medicine at the University California San Diego, to get answers to common questions about HPV and shed some light on this important health issue. Here’s what she had to say:
1. What is HPV?
“HPV is a highly infectious virus,” Miller says. “There are a lot of different types of HPV, and some of them cause genital disease.”
In fact, there are more than 100 strains of HPV with approximately 30 different types affecting the genitals. Some HPV viruses are not associated with genital infections at all and affect other parts of the body. For example, HPV 1, 2 and 4 cause benign common warts typically found on the hands or feet. (See related article: The ABCs of HPV)
2. What are the different types of HPV that impact sexual health?
“Among the strains of HPV that do affect the genital area, some are high-risk. It’s these high-risk strains that are associated with cervical cancers,” Miller says. “Low-risk strains of HPV can cause abnormal pap tests and genital warts.”
Genital warts are growths that appear in the genital area as single or multiple moist, pink or flesh-colored swellings and can be cauliflower-shaped. Two strains – HPV 16 and 18 – cause 70% of cervical cancers.
3. How common is HPV?
“HPV is very common,” Miller says. “Estimates are that, among people who are sexually active, half will be infected with HPV at some point in their lives.”
Approximately 20 million people in the United States are infected with HPV, with 6.2 million contracting a new HPV infection each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The virus affects both men and women, and infects the skin of the penis and linings of the vagina, cervix, rectum, and vulva.
4. How are genital HPV infections contracted?
Miller says that HPV is an exclusively sexually transmitted virus. It is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact of the genital area. That means, according to Miller, that you don’t necessarily have to have intercourse in order to contract HPV.
While condoms and dental dams offer some protection, the HPV infection is extremely common and easy to transmit through sexual contact. And a study earlier this year by researchers at Johns Hopkins University also showed a link between oral sex, HPV and throat cancer.
5. What are the signs and symptoms of a genital HPV infection?
The majority of people who have HPV will not experience any symptoms at all. According to Miller, people who do have symptoms will manifest the virus either through genital warts or an abnormal pap smear that indicates dysplasia (abnormal cell growth) on the cervix.
Genital warts can develop inside the vagina making them hard to detect or may appear as soft, pink swelling on the outer genitalia. They are typically painless but may itch. However, even without visible symptoms, HVP can be passed along to sexual partners.
6. How is a genital HPV infection diagnosed?
“HPV can be diagnosed with the appearance of genital warts,” Miller says. “And if someone has an abnormal pap smear, you can pretty much assume that it is HPV related,” An HPV test is available and, as with a pap smear, involves swabbing cells from the cervix to be analyzed in a laboratory.
According to Miller, the test is sometimes used to confirm the presence of the virus in people who have an abnormal pap smear. “At one time we used the test to triage people with an abnormal pap test. More and more we’re using the test as a screening tool. So if someone has an HPV test showing no high-risk strains and their pap test is normal, we can increase the intervals between pap smears.”
7. Is there a cure for HPV?
“There is no cure for HPV,” Miller says. “However, for most young, healthy people, HPV will go away on its own.” However, there are treatments for the symptoms of the HPV infection, such as genital warts and conditions related to the cervix.
8. What is the connection between HPV and cervical cancer?
“Although not all cervical cancers are a result of HPV, the vast majority of cases are,” Miller says. High-risk strains of the virus are the main contributor to cervical cancer, causing 70% of cases.
9. What protection does the HPV vaccine offer, and who should get it?
“The vaccine immunizes women against four different strains of HPV: strains 6, 11, 16, and 18. [The latter two] are high-risk strains that account for about 70 percent of cervical cancers. The others – 6 and 11 – cause about 90 percent of genital warts,” Miller says.
The vaccine is believed to be effective for life, but Miller says it hasn’t been around long enough to know if people will need a booster in 10 or 15 years.
The FDA has approved the HPV vaccine, which goes by the name Gardasil, for klix and women between the ages of 9 and 26. However, Miller says that anyone can get the HPV vaccination. If you fall outside of the recommended age range, there’s a good chance medical insurance will not pay for it. Also, Miller says that the vaccine may be slightly less effective in older women because they are more likely to have already been exposed to the virus.
10. How can I reduce my risk for HPV?
“The HPV vaccine will protect you from 70 percent of cervical cancers just by having immunity from strains 16 and 18,” Miller says. “The other thing people can do is to wear condoms, although that doesn’t totally eliminate risk because HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. However, it does decrease the risk. Limiting the number of sexual partners you have is also important.”
11. If I already have HPV, what can I do?
“For people who know they’ve been infected, we still recommend getting Gardasil because they probably aren’t infected with all four strains that are contained within the vaccine,” Miller says. “If you’re infected with one strain, the vaccine will still provide some protection.”
HPV will go away on its on for most young, healthy people. But remember: There is no cure. “Once you have HPV, we don’t know of anything that will make your body clear of it,” Miller says. “There’s not too much you can do.”
By Lisa Zamosky, Special to LifeScript
Wednesday, November 28, 2007
Chances are you’ve heard of the human papilloma virus (HPV) and certainly want to steer clear of the infection, but how much do you really know about this sexually transmitted disease? It can be difficult to extract the basics from the steady stream of medical updates. But relying on a vague understanding of HPV can put your health at risk. Get informed and learn how to keep yourself healthy as LifeScript clarifies the facts of the HPV matter…
HPV is highly contagious, no doubt contributing to its status as the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world. If you’re sexually active, you have good reason to be aware of the virus, how it is contracted and the impact it can have on long-term health.
LifeScript spoke with Christine Miller, M.D., associate clinical professor of reproductive medicine at the University California San Diego, to get answers to common questions about HPV and shed some light on this important health issue. Here’s what she had to say:
1. What is HPV?
“HPV is a highly infectious virus,” Miller says. “There are a lot of different types of HPV, and some of them cause genital disease.”
In fact, there are more than 100 strains of HPV with approximately 30 different types affecting the genitals. Some HPV viruses are not associated with genital infections at all and affect other parts of the body. For example, HPV 1, 2 and 4 cause benign common warts typically found on the hands or feet. (See related article: The ABCs of HPV)
2. What are the different types of HPV that impact sexual health?
“Among the strains of HPV that do affect the genital area, some are high-risk. It’s these high-risk strains that are associated with cervical cancers,” Miller says. “Low-risk strains of HPV can cause abnormal pap tests and genital warts.”
Genital warts are growths that appear in the genital area as single or multiple moist, pink or flesh-colored swellings and can be cauliflower-shaped. Two strains – HPV 16 and 18 – cause 70% of cervical cancers.
3. How common is HPV?
“HPV is very common,” Miller says. “Estimates are that, among people who are sexually active, half will be infected with HPV at some point in their lives.”
Approximately 20 million people in the United States are infected with HPV, with 6.2 million contracting a new HPV infection each year, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). The virus affects both men and women, and infects the skin of the penis and linings of the vagina, cervix, rectum, and vulva.
4. How are genital HPV infections contracted?
Miller says that HPV is an exclusively sexually transmitted virus. It is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact of the genital area. That means, according to Miller, that you don’t necessarily have to have intercourse in order to contract HPV.
While condoms and dental dams offer some protection, the HPV infection is extremely common and easy to transmit through sexual contact. And a study earlier this year by researchers at Johns Hopkins University also showed a link between oral sex, HPV and throat cancer.
5. What are the signs and symptoms of a genital HPV infection?
The majority of people who have HPV will not experience any symptoms at all. According to Miller, people who do have symptoms will manifest the virus either through genital warts or an abnormal pap smear that indicates dysplasia (abnormal cell growth) on the cervix.
Genital warts can develop inside the vagina making them hard to detect or may appear as soft, pink swelling on the outer genitalia. They are typically painless but may itch. However, even without visible symptoms, HVP can be passed along to sexual partners.
6. How is a genital HPV infection diagnosed?
“HPV can be diagnosed with the appearance of genital warts,” Miller says. “And if someone has an abnormal pap smear, you can pretty much assume that it is HPV related,” An HPV test is available and, as with a pap smear, involves swabbing cells from the cervix to be analyzed in a laboratory.
According to Miller, the test is sometimes used to confirm the presence of the virus in people who have an abnormal pap smear. “At one time we used the test to triage people with an abnormal pap test. More and more we’re using the test as a screening tool. So if someone has an HPV test showing no high-risk strains and their pap test is normal, we can increase the intervals between pap smears.”
7. Is there a cure for HPV?
“There is no cure for HPV,” Miller says. “However, for most young, healthy people, HPV will go away on its own.” However, there are treatments for the symptoms of the HPV infection, such as genital warts and conditions related to the cervix.
8. What is the connection between HPV and cervical cancer?
“Although not all cervical cancers are a result of HPV, the vast majority of cases are,” Miller says. High-risk strains of the virus are the main contributor to cervical cancer, causing 70% of cases.
9. What protection does the HPV vaccine offer, and who should get it?
“The vaccine immunizes women against four different strains of HPV: strains 6, 11, 16, and 18. [The latter two] are high-risk strains that account for about 70 percent of cervical cancers. The others – 6 and 11 – cause about 90 percent of genital warts,” Miller says.
The vaccine is believed to be effective for life, but Miller says it hasn’t been around long enough to know if people will need a booster in 10 or 15 years.
The FDA has approved the HPV vaccine, which goes by the name Gardasil, for klix and women between the ages of 9 and 26. However, Miller says that anyone can get the HPV vaccination. If you fall outside of the recommended age range, there’s a good chance medical insurance will not pay for it. Also, Miller says that the vaccine may be slightly less effective in older women because they are more likely to have already been exposed to the virus.
10. How can I reduce my risk for HPV?
“The HPV vaccine will protect you from 70 percent of cervical cancers just by having immunity from strains 16 and 18,” Miller says. “The other thing people can do is to wear condoms, although that doesn’t totally eliminate risk because HPV is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. However, it does decrease the risk. Limiting the number of sexual partners you have is also important.”
11. If I already have HPV, what can I do?
“For people who know they’ve been infected, we still recommend getting Gardasil because they probably aren’t infected with all four strains that are contained within the vaccine,” Miller says. “If you’re infected with one strain, the vaccine will still provide some protection.”
HPV will go away on its on for most young, healthy people. But remember: There is no cure. “Once you have HPV, we don’t know of anything that will make your body clear of it,” Miller says. “There’s not too much you can do.”
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O.o
- Posts: 226
- Joined: 06/06/2007 13:42
#34
Spol apsolutno nebitan, ili nije me sramota. Doduse, ne bih dala da studenti prisustvuju. Al samo zbog nase mahalske sredine, da neko poslije prepricava nesto khmmm ne vjerujem im ja bas (barem kod nas)... a ko fol ne bi smjeli... doktorska etika... hmmmm
Pregled od 2 do 4 puta godisnje.
Doduse sad bas nesto razmisljam, jedna me doktorica tako pregledala da mislim da je silovanje ugodnije. Muskarci su malo njezniji cini mi se.
Pregled od 2 do 4 puta godisnje. Doduse sad bas nesto razmisljam, jedna me doktorica tako pregledala da mislim da je silovanje ugodnije. Muskarci su malo njezniji cini mi se.
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Truba
- Posts: 81797
- Joined: 17/03/2004 09:36
- Location: Vizantija
#35
Michun wrote: Mene na jednom pregledu dr. nije ni pitala, nego hop jos jedna muska glava se ukaza i ona kaze "kolega, pogledajte ovo..." tu ja skontam da je specijalizant tu. Pa sta cu...ko da ga nema. Moraju ljudi i uciti od nekoga, na nekom. Jel' te
jesi sigurna da nije riječ o vodoinstalateru -
anais_nin
- Posts: 21856
- Joined: 06/07/2005 09:35
- Location: Mostar u srcu, guza u Torontu
#37
Top 10 OB/GYN Questions
What’s Up Down There?
By Edward C. Geehr, M.D.
Sunday, December 9, 2007
For most women, the annual visit to their OB/GYN can lead to more questions than answers. Are you healthy? What is normal? Is the doctor checking everything he or she should? Here are 10 of the most commonly asked questions gynecologists hear, along with the answers you need…
1. What’s the difference between bacterial vaginosis and yeast infection?
Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungus that is often present in low numbers in the vagina. Pregnancy, antibiotics, moisture, and vaginal irritation can all lead to an overgrowth of these organisms.
Symptoms of yeast infections include: redness, itching and burning around the vulva; foul-smelling, thick white discharge (may look like cottage cheese); pain during intercourse and urination.
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal infection. Women normally have bacteria in their vagina that are in healthy balance with their surrounding tissues. But that balance can be disrupted by a number of things, including pregnancy, hormonal changes, douching, foreign bodies (including IUDs), and stress. This imbalance can cause an overgrowth of bacteria, which can lead to infection, inflammation and discomfort.
The signs and symptoms of BV may be quite similar to yeast infections: redness, itching and pain. With BV, however, the discharge tends to be thin, white or yellowish, and more uniform in appearance.
2. What does a routine Pap smear test? What other tests should I ask for?
Getting a regular Pap test is the most important thing you can do to prevent cervical cancer. Pap tests detect abnormal cervical cells that can become cancerous or may indicate the presence of cancer. Tests for other STDs can also be obtained at the time of the Pap test.
In a Pap test, cells are collected from the cervix (the lower, narrow end of the uterus). The specimen is placed on a glass slide and sent to a laboratory for examination. The test is usually done during the course of a regular pelvic exam.
If an OB/GYN is the only doctor you visit, get a complete physical exam annually, not just a pelvic and breast exam. Women 40 and over should receive routine screenings for breast cancer. Beginning at age 50, women should also be screened regularly for colon cancer. Laboratory tests for anemia, thyroid function, lipid levels, and blood glucose are also suggested.
If you are sexually active and have a new sexual partner, multiple sexual partners, or a non-monogamous sexual partner, you should be screened for sexually transmitted diseases, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV. The Pap test itself may detect the presence of cellular changes due to human papillomavirus (HPV).
3. How do I treat recurring UTIs?
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection of the urinary system, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. Any trauma or chemical irritation to the urethral opening such as that caused by intercourse, use of diaphragms, catheters, douches, deodorant sprays, spermicides, or manual stimulation can lead to a UTI. Menopause or a weakened immune system can also make a woman more susceptible to UTIs.
Simple urinary infections of the bladder are easily treated with oral antibiotics. Most women who are otherwise healthy can intermittently self-treat recurrent UTIs without a doctor visit, since your doctor can prescribe and order prescriptions for you over the phone for pickup at your local pharmacy. Antibiotics are taken as soon as characteristic symptoms develop, as if treating an initial attack. There are effective single dose and 3-day antibiotic regimens.
However, women who experience two or more UTIs within six months or three or more over a 12 month-month period may require preventive antibiotics. Low-dose antibiotics are taken continuously for six months or longer, usually with excellent results. Such continuous, prophylactic treatment is reported to reduce recurrent UTIs by up to 95%.
What’s Up Down There?
By Edward C. Geehr, M.D.
Sunday, December 9, 2007
For most women, the annual visit to their OB/GYN can lead to more questions than answers. Are you healthy? What is normal? Is the doctor checking everything he or she should? Here are 10 of the most commonly asked questions gynecologists hear, along with the answers you need…
1. What’s the difference between bacterial vaginosis and yeast infection?
Yeast infections are caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungus that is often present in low numbers in the vagina. Pregnancy, antibiotics, moisture, and vaginal irritation can all lead to an overgrowth of these organisms.
Symptoms of yeast infections include: redness, itching and burning around the vulva; foul-smelling, thick white discharge (may look like cottage cheese); pain during intercourse and urination.
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal infection. Women normally have bacteria in their vagina that are in healthy balance with their surrounding tissues. But that balance can be disrupted by a number of things, including pregnancy, hormonal changes, douching, foreign bodies (including IUDs), and stress. This imbalance can cause an overgrowth of bacteria, which can lead to infection, inflammation and discomfort.
The signs and symptoms of BV may be quite similar to yeast infections: redness, itching and pain. With BV, however, the discharge tends to be thin, white or yellowish, and more uniform in appearance.
2. What does a routine Pap smear test? What other tests should I ask for?
Getting a regular Pap test is the most important thing you can do to prevent cervical cancer. Pap tests detect abnormal cervical cells that can become cancerous or may indicate the presence of cancer. Tests for other STDs can also be obtained at the time of the Pap test.
In a Pap test, cells are collected from the cervix (the lower, narrow end of the uterus). The specimen is placed on a glass slide and sent to a laboratory for examination. The test is usually done during the course of a regular pelvic exam.
If an OB/GYN is the only doctor you visit, get a complete physical exam annually, not just a pelvic and breast exam. Women 40 and over should receive routine screenings for breast cancer. Beginning at age 50, women should also be screened regularly for colon cancer. Laboratory tests for anemia, thyroid function, lipid levels, and blood glucose are also suggested.
If you are sexually active and have a new sexual partner, multiple sexual partners, or a non-monogamous sexual partner, you should be screened for sexually transmitted diseases, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV. The Pap test itself may detect the presence of cellular changes due to human papillomavirus (HPV).
3. How do I treat recurring UTIs?
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection of the urinary system, including the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. Any trauma or chemical irritation to the urethral opening such as that caused by intercourse, use of diaphragms, catheters, douches, deodorant sprays, spermicides, or manual stimulation can lead to a UTI. Menopause or a weakened immune system can also make a woman more susceptible to UTIs.
Simple urinary infections of the bladder are easily treated with oral antibiotics. Most women who are otherwise healthy can intermittently self-treat recurrent UTIs without a doctor visit, since your doctor can prescribe and order prescriptions for you over the phone for pickup at your local pharmacy. Antibiotics are taken as soon as characteristic symptoms develop, as if treating an initial attack. There are effective single dose and 3-day antibiotic regimens.
However, women who experience two or more UTIs within six months or three or more over a 12 month-month period may require preventive antibiotics. Low-dose antibiotics are taken continuously for six months or longer, usually with excellent results. Such continuous, prophylactic treatment is reported to reduce recurrent UTIs by up to 95%.
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anais_nin
- Posts: 21856
- Joined: 06/07/2005 09:35
- Location: Mostar u srcu, guza u Torontu
#38
4. Can I get cancer from oral sex?
A number of sexually transmitted diseases are linked to oral sex. These include herpes, syphilis, gonorrhea, and HIV. Studies have previously found a link between HPV and head and neck cancers. Now, in an article published in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers have established a link between oral sex, the presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (the virus that causes cervical cancer), and throat cancer.
The type of oral cancer linked to HPV afflicts about 11,000 people in the U.S. annually – about the same number of new cervical cancer cases each year. Throat cancer associated with HPV typically involves the base of the tongue, the tonsillar area or the back of the throat.
The particular subtype of HPV that correlates with throat cancer is known as HPV16.
Condom use can reduce the risk of genital HPV infection. Moreover, other studies have shown that infrequent use of condoms with a new oral or vaginal sex partner increased the risk of throat cancer. To protect yourself, treat oral sex with the same caution as other forms of sexual contact.
5. How does the morning-after pill work? Is it safe?
The “morning-after pill” is a form of emergency contraception (EC) intended to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse. EC works by preventing ovulation or fertilization and possibly block post-fertilization implantation of the embryo in the womb.
Nearly two dozen brands of pills are used for EC in the U.S. today. However, Plan B is the only product specifically FDA approved and marketed as an emergency contraceptive. Plan B contains the progestin hormone levonorgestrel, an ingredient found in many birth control pills. Unlike birth control pills, however, Plan B contains much larger doses of levonorgestrel and no estrogen. Two pills total are required.
The usual treatment schedule for Plan B is one 0.75 milligram pill taken within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse, and a second 0.75 milligram pill 12 hours after the first dose. However, recent studies have shown that a single dose of 1.5 milligrams is equally effective as the two-dose regimen.
While you have up to 120 hours (five days) after sex to take the first pill, the longer initial treatment is delayed, the less effective the regimen. If taken within 72 hours after sex, EC reduces the risk of pregnancy by 75%-89%.
The morning-after pill is considered to be very safe and the risk of serious side effects is quite low. Around 25% of Plan B users experience nausea, with many complaining of vomiting. Other common side effects are: abdominal pain, fatigue, headache, dizziness, and breast tenderness. Most side effects resolve within 24 hours.
6. What are Kegel exercises? How do I do them?
The floor of the female pelvis contains muscles that surround the openings of the urethra, vagina and rectum. Those muscles may weaken due to age, obesity and childbirth, leading to urinary incontinence. Kegel exercises are intended to strengthen these muscles, thereby improving bladder control.
The exercises are also used to increase sexual gratification. Kegels strengthen the vaginal muscles, which can heighten sensitivity, arousal and orgasm.
Kegel exercises use the muscles normally used to stop urination. However, it is not recommended that you stop and start the flow of urine to practice your Kegels, as this may induce urinary reflux which can lead to a urinary tract infection.
To make sure you’re tightening the proper muscles, you can ask the assistance of your healthcare provider. The provider will insert two fingers into the vagina during a pelvic examination and ask you to squeeze down as if you were stopping urination. (Be careful not to contract leg, abdominal, or buttocks muscles.)
To practice Kegel exercises, tighten the pelvic muscles for 10 seconds, and relax for 10 seconds. Try this lying down at first, and then once you become accustomed to the sensation, you can do these while sitting or standing. Repeat this sequence 10 or so times, for five times per day. Build up to this amount over time. Over-taxing your pelvic muscles can make incontinence symptoms temporarily worse.
7. Should I get the HPV vaccine?
Gardasil, the HPV vaccine, protects against certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause cervical cancer and genital warts. HPV has infected around 20 million people in the United States to date, with more than six million new cases occurring annually.
There are over 100 different types of HPV: About 60 cause common skin warts (plantar, hand); around 40 affect the genital tissues and are sexually transmitted. Only a few of the genital types are considered high risk and can cause cancer. Gardasil is effective against four types of HPV: Two of the types cause 90% of all genital warts; the other two strains cause 70% of cervical cancer cases.
Gardasil is approved for females ages 9-26 years old. While Gardasil may offer protection for women older than 26, the vaccine has not yet been approved for their use. One reason may be that older, sexually active women may already have acquired one (or all) of the four HPV types the vaccine protects against, reducing its effectiveness.
Reaching pre-teen klix before they are sexually active ensures that they are protected prior to HPV exposure. Once sexually active, they are at high risk of contracting the infection. Condoms do not offer complete protection because they don’t cover all skin areas which may harbor the virus.
A number of sexually transmitted diseases are linked to oral sex. These include herpes, syphilis, gonorrhea, and HIV. Studies have previously found a link between HPV and head and neck cancers. Now, in an article published in the New England Journal of Medicine, researchers have established a link between oral sex, the presence of the human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (the virus that causes cervical cancer), and throat cancer.
The type of oral cancer linked to HPV afflicts about 11,000 people in the U.S. annually – about the same number of new cervical cancer cases each year. Throat cancer associated with HPV typically involves the base of the tongue, the tonsillar area or the back of the throat.
The particular subtype of HPV that correlates with throat cancer is known as HPV16.
Condom use can reduce the risk of genital HPV infection. Moreover, other studies have shown that infrequent use of condoms with a new oral or vaginal sex partner increased the risk of throat cancer. To protect yourself, treat oral sex with the same caution as other forms of sexual contact.
5. How does the morning-after pill work? Is it safe?
The “morning-after pill” is a form of emergency contraception (EC) intended to prevent pregnancy after sexual intercourse. EC works by preventing ovulation or fertilization and possibly block post-fertilization implantation of the embryo in the womb.
Nearly two dozen brands of pills are used for EC in the U.S. today. However, Plan B is the only product specifically FDA approved and marketed as an emergency contraceptive. Plan B contains the progestin hormone levonorgestrel, an ingredient found in many birth control pills. Unlike birth control pills, however, Plan B contains much larger doses of levonorgestrel and no estrogen. Two pills total are required.
The usual treatment schedule for Plan B is one 0.75 milligram pill taken within 72 hours after unprotected intercourse, and a second 0.75 milligram pill 12 hours after the first dose. However, recent studies have shown that a single dose of 1.5 milligrams is equally effective as the two-dose regimen.
While you have up to 120 hours (five days) after sex to take the first pill, the longer initial treatment is delayed, the less effective the regimen. If taken within 72 hours after sex, EC reduces the risk of pregnancy by 75%-89%.
The morning-after pill is considered to be very safe and the risk of serious side effects is quite low. Around 25% of Plan B users experience nausea, with many complaining of vomiting. Other common side effects are: abdominal pain, fatigue, headache, dizziness, and breast tenderness. Most side effects resolve within 24 hours.
6. What are Kegel exercises? How do I do them?
The floor of the female pelvis contains muscles that surround the openings of the urethra, vagina and rectum. Those muscles may weaken due to age, obesity and childbirth, leading to urinary incontinence. Kegel exercises are intended to strengthen these muscles, thereby improving bladder control.
The exercises are also used to increase sexual gratification. Kegels strengthen the vaginal muscles, which can heighten sensitivity, arousal and orgasm.
Kegel exercises use the muscles normally used to stop urination. However, it is not recommended that you stop and start the flow of urine to practice your Kegels, as this may induce urinary reflux which can lead to a urinary tract infection.
To make sure you’re tightening the proper muscles, you can ask the assistance of your healthcare provider. The provider will insert two fingers into the vagina during a pelvic examination and ask you to squeeze down as if you were stopping urination. (Be careful not to contract leg, abdominal, or buttocks muscles.)
To practice Kegel exercises, tighten the pelvic muscles for 10 seconds, and relax for 10 seconds. Try this lying down at first, and then once you become accustomed to the sensation, you can do these while sitting or standing. Repeat this sequence 10 or so times, for five times per day. Build up to this amount over time. Over-taxing your pelvic muscles can make incontinence symptoms temporarily worse.
7. Should I get the HPV vaccine?
Gardasil, the HPV vaccine, protects against certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV) that cause cervical cancer and genital warts. HPV has infected around 20 million people in the United States to date, with more than six million new cases occurring annually.
There are over 100 different types of HPV: About 60 cause common skin warts (plantar, hand); around 40 affect the genital tissues and are sexually transmitted. Only a few of the genital types are considered high risk and can cause cancer. Gardasil is effective against four types of HPV: Two of the types cause 90% of all genital warts; the other two strains cause 70% of cervical cancer cases.
Gardasil is approved for females ages 9-26 years old. While Gardasil may offer protection for women older than 26, the vaccine has not yet been approved for their use. One reason may be that older, sexually active women may already have acquired one (or all) of the four HPV types the vaccine protects against, reducing its effectiveness.
Reaching pre-teen klix before they are sexually active ensures that they are protected prior to HPV exposure. Once sexually active, they are at high risk of contracting the infection. Condoms do not offer complete protection because they don’t cover all skin areas which may harbor the virus.
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anais_nin
- Posts: 21856
- Joined: 06/07/2005 09:35
- Location: Mostar u srcu, guza u Torontu
#39
8. What are “shortened period” pills? Are they safe?
The FDA has approved two oral combined hormonal contraceptive pills designed to give women four extended cycles each year – Seasonale and Seasonique. Now a third pill called Lybrel has been approved by the FDA. Lybrel is the first continuous birth control pill to stop periods for one full year.
With Seasonale, a pill with active ingredients is taken every day for three months (84 days for a 28-day cycle), followed by an inactive pill for seven days. Seasonique has the same dosing frequency, but the 7-day cycle includes a reduced estrogen dosage instead of placebo. Using low-dose estrogen pills instead of a placebo limits the bloating and breakthrough bleeding experienced by some women taking Seasonale.
Studies have found no extra health risks caused by period-suppressing pills. Research on Lybrel shows that 99% of women either returned to a normal menstruation cycle or became pregnant within 90 days of stopping the pills. Studies found similar spotting or bleeding as with traditional, cyclic birth control pills. And breakthrough bleeding decreased the longer women stayed on the regimen.
9. Are there symptoms for cervical or ovarian cancer I can watch for?
Cervical cancer is typically a slow-developing disease that can be detected early through routine pelvic examinations and Pap tests. Since cervical cancer can be found before it exhibits any signs, the presence of symptoms may indicate that the disease is at an advanced stage.
Cervical cancer symptoms:
# Abnormal vaginal bleeding
# Unusual, heavy discharge that may be foul smelling and contain mucus
# Pelvic pain unrelated to the menstrual cycle
# Pain during urination
# Bleeding between periods, after sexual intercourse or after a pelvic examination
Ovarian cancer doesn’t have a routine test that can detect its presence. Because ovarian cancer is hard to detect early, more than 75% of women diagnosed with it die from the disease. However, there are symptoms to watch for.
Ovarian cancer symptoms:
# Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly while eating
# Abdominal bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain
# Frequent urge to urinate
Advanced ovarian cancer symptoms:
# Change in bowel movements
# Pain during sexual intercourse
# Persistent fatigue
# Abdominal weight gain
# Sudden weight gain or loss
If a woman experiences any of these symptoms for more than two weeks, she should see her gynecologist for evaluation. This is particularly important if the symptoms are new and different from her normal state of health.
10. What are the best methods to screen for ovarian, cervical and breast cancer?
Ovarian cancer
There are no routine tests that can detect the presence of ovarian cancer. Women with potential symptoms (see Question 9) should be screened with a pelvic/rectal examination in which ovaries can usually be manually palpated (felt). If there is a question of a tumor after physical examination, an ultrasound can check the ovaries for abnormal growths. There is also a blood test for a substance known as a tumor marker that can be elevated with ovarian cancer, although it doesn’t provide a definitive diagnosis. If still unresolved after non-invasive testing, the suspicious areas may need to be biopsied.
Cervical cancer
Routine pelvic examinations and Pap tests are the most effective way to detect cervical cancer. When the cancer is confined to the cervix, the 5-year survival rate is greater than 90%. With regular Pap tests, cervical cancer can be prevented or detected at a very early stage.
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is most reliably detected through a mammogram. Because mammography can detect breast cancer before it can be felt as a lump, it is considered more sensitive than breast examination. About 25% of breast cancers are first detected on breast examination, about 35% are found through mammography alone, and 40% are detected using a combination of examination and mammography.
Monthly self-exams should begin at age 20, and clinical breast exams by a physician are recommended at least every three years. At age 40, all women should have annual screening mammograms and an annual breast exam by a physician, in addition to monthly self-checks.
The FDA has approved two oral combined hormonal contraceptive pills designed to give women four extended cycles each year – Seasonale and Seasonique. Now a third pill called Lybrel has been approved by the FDA. Lybrel is the first continuous birth control pill to stop periods for one full year.
With Seasonale, a pill with active ingredients is taken every day for three months (84 days for a 28-day cycle), followed by an inactive pill for seven days. Seasonique has the same dosing frequency, but the 7-day cycle includes a reduced estrogen dosage instead of placebo. Using low-dose estrogen pills instead of a placebo limits the bloating and breakthrough bleeding experienced by some women taking Seasonale.
Studies have found no extra health risks caused by period-suppressing pills. Research on Lybrel shows that 99% of women either returned to a normal menstruation cycle or became pregnant within 90 days of stopping the pills. Studies found similar spotting or bleeding as with traditional, cyclic birth control pills. And breakthrough bleeding decreased the longer women stayed on the regimen.
9. Are there symptoms for cervical or ovarian cancer I can watch for?
Cervical cancer is typically a slow-developing disease that can be detected early through routine pelvic examinations and Pap tests. Since cervical cancer can be found before it exhibits any signs, the presence of symptoms may indicate that the disease is at an advanced stage.
Cervical cancer symptoms:
# Abnormal vaginal bleeding
# Unusual, heavy discharge that may be foul smelling and contain mucus
# Pelvic pain unrelated to the menstrual cycle
# Pain during urination
# Bleeding between periods, after sexual intercourse or after a pelvic examination
Ovarian cancer doesn’t have a routine test that can detect its presence. Because ovarian cancer is hard to detect early, more than 75% of women diagnosed with it die from the disease. However, there are symptoms to watch for.
Ovarian cancer symptoms:
# Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly while eating
# Abdominal bloating, pelvic or abdominal pain
# Frequent urge to urinate
Advanced ovarian cancer symptoms:
# Change in bowel movements
# Pain during sexual intercourse
# Persistent fatigue
# Abdominal weight gain
# Sudden weight gain or loss
If a woman experiences any of these symptoms for more than two weeks, she should see her gynecologist for evaluation. This is particularly important if the symptoms are new and different from her normal state of health.
10. What are the best methods to screen for ovarian, cervical and breast cancer?
Ovarian cancer
There are no routine tests that can detect the presence of ovarian cancer. Women with potential symptoms (see Question 9) should be screened with a pelvic/rectal examination in which ovaries can usually be manually palpated (felt). If there is a question of a tumor after physical examination, an ultrasound can check the ovaries for abnormal growths. There is also a blood test for a substance known as a tumor marker that can be elevated with ovarian cancer, although it doesn’t provide a definitive diagnosis. If still unresolved after non-invasive testing, the suspicious areas may need to be biopsied.
Cervical cancer
Routine pelvic examinations and Pap tests are the most effective way to detect cervical cancer. When the cancer is confined to the cervix, the 5-year survival rate is greater than 90%. With regular Pap tests, cervical cancer can be prevented or detected at a very early stage.
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is most reliably detected through a mammogram. Because mammography can detect breast cancer before it can be felt as a lump, it is considered more sensitive than breast examination. About 25% of breast cancers are first detected on breast examination, about 35% are found through mammography alone, and 40% are detected using a combination of examination and mammography.
Monthly self-exams should begin at age 20, and clinical breast exams by a physician are recommended at least every three years. At age 40, all women should have annual screening mammograms and an annual breast exam by a physician, in addition to monthly self-checks.
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suncica24
- Posts: 4319
- Joined: 22/03/2006 21:29
- Location: Na vrh brda gdje vrba mrda
#40
Ne zelim da svako zaviruje u moja usta i moju vaginu. Oboje su mi izuzetno vazni i dragi, tako da vec godinama maltretiram kako istog stomatologa, tako i istu ginekologinju koja je dio javnog zdravstvenog sistema moje male (pardon, velike) mahale. I imam pozitivna, izuzetno pozitivna iskustva s istom - sto znaci da ako je privatno, ne mora biti da je najbolje.
I trudim se da to bude makar jednom godisnje.
I da, apstinencija ne znaci i zdravlje. Iz licnog iskustva tvrdim da i prljav bazen moze biti jednako poguban kao prljav partner. Pa vam se, "ni krivoj ni duznoj" desi da zaglavite tri mjeseca kao redovni posjetioc dispanzeru
I trudim se da to bude makar jednom godisnje.
I da, apstinencija ne znaci i zdravlje. Iz licnog iskustva tvrdim da i prljav bazen moze biti jednako poguban kao prljav partner. Pa vam se, "ni krivoj ni duznoj" desi da zaglavite tri mjeseca kao redovni posjetioc dispanzeru
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cHupjahalic@
- Posts: 4943
- Joined: 07/02/2006 18:37
- Location: na selu
#41
@tempora + ostali iz Holadnije 
zaista mi nije jasno zasto su u Holandiji tako zakrzljali po pitanju zdravsta. 
ovdje se vrsi papa test svako 3. godine, medjutim meni je to nekako premalo pa idem redovnije.
i ovdje preglede vrsi kucni doktor, ali mene je samo jednom pregledao kucni doktor i rekla sam - NIKAD VISE.
kod nekih specijalista je uputnica potrebna, a kod nekih nije (zavisi da li su privatnici ili ne).
radije i platiti vise a da pregled prodje bez da se moram brinuti sta me ceka.
zaista mi nije jasno zasto su u Holandiji tako zakrzljali po pitanju zdravsta. ovdje se vrsi papa test svako 3. godine, medjutim meni je to nekako premalo pa idem redovnije.
i ovdje preglede vrsi kucni doktor, ali mene je samo jednom pregledao kucni doktor i rekla sam - NIKAD VISE.
kod nekih specijalista je uputnica potrebna, a kod nekih nije (zavisi da li su privatnici ili ne).
radije i platiti vise a da pregled prodje bez da se moram brinuti sta me ceka.
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maj26
- Posts: 31
- Joined: 12/03/2008 19:29
- Location: Sarajevo
#44 Re: Ginekologija i vagine....
Prije trudnoće sam išla jednom godišnje, papa test, nalazi, elem generalka ...posle poroda bila na redovnom pregledu otad prošlo 8 mjeseci, planiram nekad na ljeto...al ne znam kod koga bi išla, od '99 godine sam išla kod Hadžiomerovića bio mi je ok dok nisam ostala trudna, tad mi se nije svidio pristup, rek'o mi a da me nije ni pogled'o kao ova beba ce otići, i onda kao imate par kila viška mogli bi smršati, hoćete li herbalife probati znate možete kod nas kupiti ...odmah sam prestala ići kod njega, trudnoću mi je vodila dr. Aida u državnoj, al u državnoj je užasna gužva, ne primaju vikendom, čula sam za nekog dr.Varnesa il ako imate preporuku pliz
...posle poroda bila na redovnom pregledu otad prošlo 8 mjeseci, planiram nekad na ljeto...al ne znam kod koga bi išla, od '99 godine sam išla kod Hadžiomerovića bio mi je ok dok nisam ostala trudna, tad mi se nije svidio pristup, rek'o mi a da me nije ni pogled'o kao ova beba ce otići, i onda kao imate par kila viška mogli bi smršati, hoćete li herbalife probati znate možete kod nas kupiti ...odmah sam prestala ići kod njega, trudnoću mi je vodila dr. Aida u državnoj, al u državnoj je užasna gužva, ne primaju vikendom, čula sam za nekog dr.Varnesa il ako imate preporuku pliz-
mojgrad
- Posts: 1439
- Joined: 16/01/2007 13:28
#45 Re: Ginekologija i vagine....
Na sta tacno mislis kad kazez sakrzljali po pitanju zdravstva? Mislis na frekvenciju pregleda?cHupjahalic@ wrote:@tempora + ostali iz Holadnije
ovdje se vrsi papa test svako 3. godine, medjutim meni je to nekako premalo pa idem redovnije.
i ovdje preglede vrsi kucni doktor, ali mene je samo jednom pregledao kucni doktor i rekla sam - NIKAD VISE.
kod nekih specijalista je uputnica potrebna, a kod nekih nije (zavisi da li su privatnici ili ne).
radije i platiti vise a da pregled prodje bez da se moram brinuti sta me ceka.
Pa ovako, kad napunis 30g. automatski ti dodje poziv od doktora na pregled i tako svakih 5 godina.
S tim da su ovi pregledi masovni i ne placa ga 'pacijent' vec je 100 % placeno od zdravstva.
E sad ti mozes ako zelis ici svake godine ili pola godine samo se ti pregledi placaju iz licnog dzepa.
Koji procenat placas zavisi od toga koju vrstu osiguranja imas. Ovdje se mozes osigurati za sve a isto tako ne moras. Sve zavisi sta zelis.
Obaveno je 'osnovno' osiguranje (eventualno pregledi kod specijaliste i lezanje u bolnici po potrebi, kucni doktor itd)
Ovdje je sasvim normalno da ginekoloske preglede (one osnovne kao sto je vadjenje papa-testa i sl.) vrsi kucni ljekar. Prvo on je skolovan za to, jer je sistem skolovanja (za kucne dokotre) tako napravljen da te uce i o tome. Eh ako on ustanovi da ima nekih problema salje te specijalisti na dalje pretrage.
Naravno uputnicu dobijes od njega. A u koju ces bolnicu zavisi gdje zivis, mozes u koju god zelis.
Sto se tice mamografije mislim da je od 45 g. zivota, ali nisam sigurna. Mada cujem price da hoce tu granicu da snize na 30.
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mamica papucarka
- Posts: 8025
- Joined: 31/10/2004 16:03
- Location: negdje
#46 Re: Ginekologija i vagine....
ok
Last edited by mamica papucarka on 27/03/2008 21:55, edited 1 time in total.
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mamica papucarka
- Posts: 8025
- Joined: 31/10/2004 16:03
- Location: negdje
#47 Re: Ginekologija i vagine....
ok
Last edited by mamica papucarka on 27/03/2008 21:54, edited 1 time in total.
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anais_nin
- Posts: 21856
- Joined: 06/07/2005 09:35
- Location: Mostar u srcu, guza u Torontu
#48 Re: Ginekologija i vagine....
Ćelava cura wrote:Znate li nekog dobrog iskusnog ginekologa u Mostaru? Ne treba mi neko cija je ordinacija "shminka", ko pusta jazz u hodniku, vec neko ko savjesno radi svoj posao, moze odraditi papa test, ultrazvuk i ne maltretira pacijenta..
Help, please
@Celava, ja ti preporucujem Dr. Medjedovic (svi je zovu Suma
ime joj je neobicno sada ne mogu da se sjetim). Zadnji broj koji imam za njenu ordinaciju je 036-316-791, nadam se da je jos uvijek isti. Ordinacija joj je odmah preko puta Parka Alekse Santica, ali sigurna sam da ce ti ona objasniti kako najlakse da dodjes do nje kad nazoves...Zena ima decenije iskustva iza sebe, nisam cula da je ikad iko imao neko lose iskustvo s njom, ja sam godinama isla kod nje, i bila sam jako zadovoljna njenom profesionalnoscu (a nema potrebe da ti govorim na sta mislim, s obzirom da se radi o Mostaru . Jedina stvar je sto ona ne radi ultrazvuk u svojoj ordinaciji, ali te posalje na mjesto u ordinaciju koja se bavi samo ultrazvukom. Meni je i to bilo pozitivno iskustvo Nadam se da ce ti ona moci pomoc.-
mamica papucarka
- Posts: 8025
- Joined: 31/10/2004 16:03
- Location: negdje
#49 Re: Ginekologija i vagine....
Cure, kako mi nemamo temu o kontracepciji 
meni nesto muka, pa dosla malo na Zdravlje da protabirim i skontam da nemamo temu o kontracepciji 
znam da je ove moje 2-3 prijateljice poradjo Murtezic i kazu da je jako pouzdan.Ali, on je u Sarajevu
meni nesto muka, pa dosla malo na Zdravlje da protabirim i skontam da nemamo temu o kontracepciji znam da je ove moje 2-3 prijateljice poradjo Murtezic i kazu da je jako pouzdan.Ali, on je u Sarajevu
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anais_nin
- Posts: 21856
- Joined: 06/07/2005 09:35
- Location: Mostar u srcu, guza u Torontu
#50 Re: Ginekologija i vagine....
ima tema o kontracepciji samo je na lj&s, tada nije bilo podforuma Zdravlje...pronacicu je ja kasnije i prebacitimamica papucarka wrote:Cure, kako mi nemamo temu o kontracepciji
znam da je ove moje 2-3 prijateljice poradjo Murtezic i kazu da je jako pouzdan.Ali, on je u Sarajevu